C - reactive protein and interleukin - 6 levels among human immunodeficiency virus -infected patients with dysglycemia in Tanzania

Nkinda, Lilian; Patel, Kirtika; Njuguna, Benson; Ngangali, Jean Pierre; Memiah, Peter; Bwire, George M.; Majigo, Mtebe; Mizinduko, Mucho; Pastakia, Sonak D.; Lyamuya, Eligius

doi:10.1186/s12902-019-0407-y

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The overall mean IL‐6 concentration in the present study (2.9 pg/ml) was slightly higher than that of males (2.5 pg/ml) and females (2.3 pg/ml) reported in a West African (Ghana and Nigeria) study population, 32 but lower than the cut‐off of 5 pg/ml, which was considered as high IL‐6 concentration in a Tanzanian study 41 . The fact that the West African population was more urbanized than the current population, and thus strongly associated to low‐grade inflammation, might explain the difference in findings.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

The association between leptin and inflammatory markers with obesity indices in Zanzibari children, adolescents, and adults

Nyangasa

Buck

Kelm

et al. 2020

Obesity Science & Practice

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Background Research from Western populations describes abdominal obesity as a low‐grade inflammatory disease; less is known from tropical areas with high pathogen burden. Objectives This cross‐sectional study investigated whether obesity contributes to low‐grade inflammation in 587 individuals from randomly selected households in Zanzibar. Materials and Methods The Association between obesity indices (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], and percentage body fat [%BF]), leptin, and inflammatory markers (C‐reactive protein [CRP], interleukin‐6 [IL‐6] and tumor‐necrosis factor‐α [TNF‐α]) was investigated using multinomial logistic regression analysis, accounting for ordinal outcome variables with four categories; 1st–4th quartile. Results Study participants were between 5 and 95 years; 49.6% were male. Mean serum levels were; leptin: 4.3 ± 5.2 ng/ml, CRP: 0.19 ± 0.42 µg/ml, IL‐6: 2.8 ± 5 pg/ml, and TNF‐α: 5.3 ± 5.2 pg/ml. Obesity indices were associated with leptin and CRP in the third and fourth quartiles in single models. In combined models, associations were observed between BMI (OR = 6.36 [95% CI, 1.09; 34.12]); WC (OR = 4.87 [95% CI, 1.59; 14.94]); and %BF (OR = 19.23 [95% CI, 4.70; 78.66]) and leptin in the fourth quartile; also between %BF and CRP in the third quartile (OR = 3.49 [95% CI 1.31; 9.31]). Conclusion Total body fat was associated with low‐grade inflammation in this tropical population rather than body fat distribution such as abdominal obesity. This may increase the risk of insulin resistance and other obesity‐related metabolic and cardiovascular health endpoints.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

The association between leptin and inflammatory markers with obesity indices in Zanzibari children, adolescents, and adults

Nyangasa

Buck

Kelm

et al. 2020

Obesity Science & Practice

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“…Under-weight (BMI < 18 kg/m 2) , normal (BMI ≥ 18 kg/m 2 and ≤ 25 kg/m 2 ), overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m 2 and < 30 kg/m 2 , and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ). In addition, blood pressure was considered high if BP ≥140/90mm/Hg ( 19 ). The adherence level at the last visit was extracted from the HIV ART card and recorded on a study tool as assessed by the attending Health care provider whether “GOOD”, MODERATE” or “POOR”.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occupation was asked to determine if the participants were still only students, or they were involved in income generating activities of moderate intensity (office work) or vigorous intensity causing excessive sweating (hard work). Physical activity was determined if one walked/cycled for at least 10 minutes daily ( 19 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impaired fasting glucose levels among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and youths in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveThis study assessed impaired fasting glucose and associated factors among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and youths in Dar es salaam Tanzania.BackgroundImpaired fasting glucose is a marker of heightened risk for developing type 2 diabetes among perinatally HIV-infected individuals. Therefore, identifying individuals at this stage is crucial to enable early intervention. Therefore, we assessed impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and associated factors among perinatally HIV-infected population in Dar es salaam Tanzania. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 adolescents and youth attending HIV clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital and Infectious Disease Centre from July to August 2020. Fasting blood glucose (>8 hours) was measured using one-touch selects LifeScan, CA, USA. We also examined C-Reactive Protein and interleukin-6 inflammatory biomarkers in relation to impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Associations between categorical variables were explored using Chi-square, and poison regression with robust variance was used to calculate the prevalence ratios.ResultsOf the 152 participants, the majority were male (n=83[54.6%]), and the median age was 15(14-18) years. Overweight or obesity was prevalent in 16.4%, while more than one in ten (13.2%) had high blood pressure (≥149/90mmHg). All participants were on antiretroviral therapy (ART); 46% had used medication for over ten years, and about one in three had poor medication adherence. Among the recruited participants, 29% had impaired fasting glucose. The odds of IFG were two times higher in males compared to females (PR, 2.07, 95% CI 1.19 -3.59 p=0.001). Moreover, we found with every increase of Interleukin 6 biomarker there was a 1.01 probability increase of impaired fasting glucose (PR, 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 – 1.02 p=0.003).ConclusionAbout one in three perinatally HIV-infected youths had impaired fasting glucose in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, with males bearing the biggest brunt. Moreover, with every increase of 1.101 of the probability of having IFG increased. This calls for urgent measures to interrupt the progression to diabetes disease and prevent the dual burden of disease for this uniquely challenged population.

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“…Elevated systemic levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) have been linked to food insecurity in the general population ( 29 ). Chronic inflammation may be an important contributor to dysglycemia ( 30 ), diabetes incidence ( 31 , 32 ), and other chronic co-morbidities ( 33 ) among PLWH, who have higher levels of CRP than the general population ( 33 ). Measures of body composition, including body fat and muscle mass, are important biological variable predictors of chronic inflammation ( 34 , 35 ) and insulin resistance ( 6 , 7 , 36 , 37 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unpacking determinants and consequences of food insecurity for insulin resistance among people living with HIV: Conceptual framework and protocol for the NOURISH-OK study

Wetherill¹,

Bakhsh²,

Caywood³

et al. 2022

Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc.

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BackgroundOver the past four decades, advances in HIV treatment have contributed to a longer life expectancy for people living with HIV (PLWH). With these gains, the prevention and management of chronic co-morbidities, such as diabetes, are now central medical care goals for this population. In the United States, food insecurity disproportionately impacts PLWH and may play a role in the development of insulin resistance through direct and indirect pathways. The Nutrition to Optimize, Understand, and Restore Insulin Sensitivity in HIV for Oklahoma (NOURISH-OK) will use a novel, multi-level, integrated framework to explore how food insecurity contributes to insulin resistance among PLWH. Specifically, it will explore how food insecurity may operate as an intermediary risk factor for insulin resistance, including potential linkages between upstream determinants of health and downstream consequences of poor diet, other behavioral risk factors, and chronic inflammation.Methods/designThis paper summarizes the protocol for the first aim of the NOURISH-OK study, which involves purposeful cross-sectional sampling of PLWH (n=500) across four levels of food insecurity to test our conceptual framework. Developed in collaboration with community stakeholders, this initial phase involves the collection of anthropometrics, fasting blood samples, non-blood biomarkers, 24-hour food recall to estimate the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) score, and survey data. A 1-month, prospective observational sub-study (total n=100; n=25 for each food security group) involves weekly 24-hour food recalls and stool samples to identify temporal associations between food insecurity, diet, and gut microbiome composition. Using structural equation modeling, we will explore how upstream risk factors, including early life events, current discrimination, and community food access, may influence food insecurity and its potential downstream impacts, including diet, other lifestyle risk behaviors, and chronic inflammation, with insulin resistance as the ultimate outcome variable. Findings from these analyses of observational data will inform the subsequent study aims, which involve qualitative exploration of significant pathways, followed by development and testing of a low-DII® food as medicine intervention to reverse insulin resistance among PLWH (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05208671).DiscussionThe NOURISH-OK study will address important research gaps to inform the development of food as medicine interventions to support healthy aging for PLWH.

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C - reactive protein and interleukin - 6 levels among human immunodeficiency virus -infected patients with dysglycemia in Tanzania

Cited by 8 publications

References 48 publications

The association between leptin and inflammatory markers with obesity indices in Zanzibari children, adolescents, and adults

The association between leptin and inflammatory markers with obesity indices in Zanzibari children, adolescents, and adults

Impaired fasting glucose levels among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and youths in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Unpacking determinants and consequences of food insecurity for insulin resistance among people living with HIV: Conceptual framework and protocol for the NOURISH-OK study

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