(c) Endemiology of brucellosis in rural areas

Bothwell, P. W.

doi:10.1016/s0033-3506(61)80016-4

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…However, in rural areas the percentage of cases of human brucellosis in persons occupationally exposed may be as high as 50 %, as found by Bothwell (1961) in series of cases in rural areas around Oxford. These indicated the endemicity of the disease and the need to plot cases over years rather than months, the futility of a local notification order for say 3 years being apparent.…”

Section: Britainmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Occupation Bothwell (1961) points out that the percentage of persons in series of cases of human brucellosis in Britain who are in occupations which might be considered as carrying contact risks (i.e. farming, dairying, or veterinary work) ranges from 18-0 % (Dalrymple-Champneys, 19606), 18-5% in N.E.…”

Section: Britainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually children account for very small proportions of human series-2-10 % of totals. Bothwell (1962) has reviewed British and American work on brucellosis in childhood and has given an account of a series of seventeen childhood cases in England. Only one of these had a positive blood culture; remittent or irregular pyrexia was seen in fourteen and the undulant variety in two; thirteen cases appeared to be due to drinking raw milk and in four instances this was tuberculin-tested.…”

Section: Proportion Of Children In Human Brucellosis Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Section F. Milk-borne disease

Bothwell¹

1963

Journal of Dairy Research

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Heat treatments and standards The Milk Marketing Board Report shows that 95 % of liquid milk in England and Wales is pasteurized. In Scotland, the Report of the Chief Medical Officer to the Department of Health (1962) indicates that the pasteurization level is lower, at 79 %; thus the opportunity for milk-borne disease appears to be greater there than in England and Wales. The detail of the remaining percentage of raw milk in England and Wales available Milk-borne disease 111 to transmit milk-borne disease is of interest. Strauss (1960) stated that producerretailers in 1960 were almost the sole source of milk for liquid consumption fresh from the farm and not subjected to heat treatment, and further (E. Strauss, pers. comm.) that the main markets for T.T. farm-bottled milk were rural areas and suburban areas of large towns. As Kaplan, Abdussalam & Bijlenga (1962) point out, no authentic outbreak of disease has been attributed to properly pasteurized, bottled and delivered milk, but the infallibility of the pasteurization process is not absolute, as the conditions necessary for its adequate performance are not always fulfilled. McCallum (1960) described a bacteriological survey, made between 1956 and 1959, of the flora of Glasgow milk as it reached the consumer. She concluded that the resazurin test is capable of detecting only the 'worst' milk. There was complete correlation between coliform test and the psychrophile count for both certified and pasteurized milk. Though the psychrophile count is considered by some to be a more accurate indicator than the coliform test of the bacteriological standard of milk, it is cumbersome to perform, has a long incubation period, and is subject to all the errors of the 37 °C count. The coliform test, on the other hand, detects milks which fail the psychrophile count and is easier to perform. The methylene-blue test was found to be more reliable than the resazurin test and, if a dye test were favoured, might take its place. The results obtained in this survey showed that consumer milk in Glasgow was not of as high a standard as it might be. For certified milk, insufficiently rapid cooling, and for pasteurized milk, badly cleaned bottles, were thought to be the most frequent reasons why samples failed the coliform test. In certified milk a number of samples contained coagulase-positive, penicillin-resistant staphylococci type 42D. Although phage-type 42D is not often a cause of disease in man, it was considered undesirable that consumer milk should contain large numbers of such organisms. For Scotland as a whole (Scottish Health Statistics, 1960), the following proportions of different grades of milk failed to satisfy the prescribed bacteriological tests: 21-63 % certified, 17-38 % T.T., 3-7 % pasteurized, and 3-08 % T.T. pasteurized. Mackenzie (1960) concluded that from a purely laboratory standpoint, five tests should be used for a milk control programme: on raw milk, the direct microscopic count supplemented by the resazurin reduction test, which is of value in the detection ...

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Section: Britainmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Britainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proportion Of Children In Human Brucellosis Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Section F. Milk-borne disease

Bothwell¹

1963

Journal of Dairy Research

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“…The incidence and epidemiology of brucellosis in Britain have been studied by Bothwell (1960aBothwell ( , b, 1961Bothwell ( , 1963 who found that the rural and urban ratio was 3-5:1. Figures on the number of cases reported to the Public Health Laboratory Service in England and Wales for the years 1945-1961 were given by Bothwell (1963). The majority of cases appear to be due to the ingestion of raw, infected milk.…”

Section: Incidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section E. Diseases of dairy cattle. Brucellosis

Morgan

1964

Journal of Dairy Research

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Those phages, with their propagating cultures, can be obtained from the FAO/WHO Brucellosis Centre, M.A.F.F. Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge. 21 Dairy Res. 31 Reviews of the progress of dairy science Jones also showed that cultures of Br. melitensis isolated from cattle in Malta were not lysed by phage. Whereas the majority of cultures of Br. melitensis isolated from cattle, which had so far been studied, were lysed by phage, not all cultures of Br. melitensis isolated from cattle were lysed. Recently, Payne (personal communication) isolated Br. melitensis from human blood as well as from bovine milk samples from the supplying farm. All these cultures were lysed by phage (and, in the author's laboratory were also shown to have the oxidative metabolic pattern of Br. abortus). Therefore, cattle and humans can be infected with both the British and Mediterranean strains of Br. melitensis; this fact in no way invalidates the usefulness of phage typing of Brucella as suggested by Parnas & Burdzy (1963). Ulbrich & Weinhold (1962), using phage P i and F25 from South Africa, examined 143 strains of brucella and also found that cultures of Br. abortus were lysed, Br. suis were not lysed and some Br. melitensis were lysed and some were not. The position was considerably clarified by the work of Meyer (1961a.) (see also below under 'Classification of Brucella') who showed quite clearly that cultures with the oxidative metabolic pattern characteristic of Br. abortus, irrespective of their properties as determined by conventional tests, were lysed by phage type abortus Strain 3 at R.T.D. Morgan (1963) examined nearly 4000 brucella cultures using phage Tb and 4 Polish phages at R.T.D. and 10000 x R.T.D. All cultures of Br. abortus examined were lysed by all 5 phages at both dilutions. In addition, cultures with the oxidative metabolic pattern characteristic of Br. abortus, irrespective of their properties as determined by conventional typing methods, were lysed by both phage dilutions. Twenty-two cultures of Br. suis were not lysed by phage at R.T.D. but all showed lysis by phage at 10000 x R.T.D. Cultures of Br. melitensis and those with the oxidative metabolic pattern characteristic of Br. melitensis, irrespective of their properties as determined by conventional typing methods, were not lysed by phages at either dilution. All the 5 phages used displayed an identical host range; this close similarity was confirmed by neutralization tests with phage antiserum. Wundt (1962), using 8 Polish phages, found that all cultures of Br. abortus were lysed by all the phages, whereas cultures of Br. suis were not lysed. Of 17 cultures of Br. melitensis isolated from cattle in Northern Germany, 13 were lysed whereas of 29 cultures of Br. melitensis isolated in south-western Germany, only one was lysed. Miinter (1963) examined 133 cultures with 22 phages (from U.S.S.R., Poland and South Africa). All 22 phages had an identical host range. Cultures of Br. abortus and Br. suis showed complete lysis at 10000 x R.T.D. but, at R.T.D. onl...

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Brucellosis in Children

Bothwell¹

1962

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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(1931) described the first case in an infant aged 20 months. Since then only three series of childhood brucellosis have been published, forming part of a series of cases of all ages (Beattie, Smith and Tulloch, 1935; Smith, 1951; Dalrymple-Champneys, 1960). A series of eight mild cases in childhood has been described by Paterson and Hardwick (1938 Dalrymple-Champneys has referred to childhood cases in his various intermediate papers (1950, 1952 When contact cases were excluded, however, the proportion of childhood cases increased, and in 74 proven cases with no animal contact nearly 10% were children under 10 years.Hagebusch and Frei (1941) had previously concluded that the disease was common but self-limited in childhood and that spontaneous recovery masked the real incidence. Of 182 cases of childhood brucelosis diagnosed by them, six were classified as acute and 176 as chronic; 95 % were under 6 years of age and 65% were female, corresponding with their experience of adult cases in St. Louis, where at that time 78 % of over 1,000 cases had been female.

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(c) Endemiology of brucellosis in rural areas

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Section F. Milk-borne disease

Section F. Milk-borne disease

Section E. Diseases of dairy cattle. Brucellosis

Brucellosis in Children

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