“…Although statistics indicate that far more students report witnessing bullying than being either a perpetrator or target of bullying, most researchers examining the impact of bullying behavior have focused on outcomes for students who are targets or perpetrators of bullying (Rivers, Poteat, Noret, & Ashurst, ). Problems associated with bullying, however, extend beyond students directly involved in bullying to those who witness bullying (Hutchinson, ; Janson, Carney, Hazler, & Oh, ; Rivers & Noret, , ; Rivers et al, ). Researchers have revealed that being exposed to bullying in adolescence is a traumatic experience that is associated with emotional distress, including sadness, helplessness (Janson et al, ), and guilt (Hutchinson, ).…”