“…Importantly, though sufficient suspected individual cases have been reported, epidemiological studies do not substantiate evident causal relationships between vaccination and AID (reviewed in [28,29]). Despite several (mouse) studies [15,30,31], reviewed in [20], it is still highly debated if and how vaccinations induce or worsen AID. A number of mechanisms, amongst which bystander activation, are suggested [2,7,18,19,32].…”