Butylated Hydroxytoluene Toxicity

Kahl, Regine

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7432-8_47

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…As indicated by the producer label, DF also contains butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, E321), a synthetic phenolic antioxidant widely used as a food additive. However, it is noteworthy that the DF headspace also contains a toxic compound derived from BHT, called BHT quinone methide (2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone), the tumor promoting activity of which has been proved , .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As explained before, these free fatty acids show a different distribution in the headspace of each of the three phases, depending on several factors. It is also noteworthy that the toxic antioxidant BHT metabolite called BHT quinone methide (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone) (28) remains unaltered in the headspace of the three phases, which means that after digestion it is bioaccessible in the gastrointestinal tract and susceptible to being absorbed and exerting toxic effects.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Food Samples Based On Sunflowermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of an in Vitro Digestion Model To Study the Bioaccessibility of 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal and Related Aldehydes Present in Oxidized Oils Rich in Omega-6 Acyl Groups

Goicoechea

Twillert

Duits

et al. 2008

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Mixtures of either sunflower oil or thermodegraded sunflower oil and a standard meal were submitted to an in vitro digestion model. The same experiment was carried out with fluid deep-frying fat and thermodegraded fluid deep-frying fat. The thermodegradation of the oil and fat was provoked by submitting them to 190 degrees C with aeration in a convection oven, and the presence in the headspace of the thermodegraded oil and fat of oxygenated alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes (OalphabetaUAs), such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE), and 4,5-epoxy-2-decenal (EDE), was monitored by solid phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The digestion products were separated by centrifugation in a lipidic phase, an aqueous phase, and a pellet phase. The headspace of these three phases was also studied by SPME/GC-MS to check if the toxic and very reactive OalphabetaUAs above-mentioned remained unaltered after the in vitro digestion process or if they had reacted with the various compounds present in the digestion products, so disappearing from the samples. With the same aim the extract in ethyl acetate of the aqueous and pellet phases, and of the lipidic phase after dilution, were studied by GC-MS. All results obtained showed that a certain proportion of the toxic OalphabetaUAs remains unaltered after digestion, dispersed in the three phases above-mentioned, and thus are bioaccessible in the gastrointestinal tract and so could reach the systemic circulation. Compounds that may originate in Maillard type reactions (2-pentylpyridine) are found among digestion products, proving that these reactions are possible in this process if adequate substrates are present. In addition, it has been shown that toxic metabolites from the synthetic antioxidant BHT, present in fat before digestion, remain unaltered after this process and could reach the systemic circulation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of the Food Samples Based On Sunflowermentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of an in Vitro Digestion Model To Study the Bioaccessibility of 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal and Related Aldehydes Present in Oxidized Oils Rich in Omega-6 Acyl Groups

Goicoechea

Twillert

Duits

et al. 2008

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Antioxidant Activities of Some Extracts ofThymus zygis

Soares

Dinis

Cunha

et al. 1997

Free Radical Research

664

357

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The antioxidant activities of methanol and ethyl ether extracts obtained from Thymus zygis, collected during the flowering or non-flowering period, were evaluated and compared. To investigate this potential, extracts were tested on their capacity to react with diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in a homogeneous medium, and to inhibit Fe2+/ascorbate-induced membrane lipid peroxidation, as estimated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Although methanol extracts reduce DPPH radicals more efficiently than ethyl ether extracts, suggesting a potent radical scavenger activity, the ethyl ether extracts were found to be most active in inhibiting lipid peroxidation in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes. In addition, both extracts present peroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities. Peroxyl radicals were generated by the water soluble 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) azoinitiator, and the scavenging activities of the extracts were measured by the inhibition of cis-parinaric acid (PnA) fluorescence decay in SR. Superoxide radicals were generated either by an enzymatic or a non-enzymatic system, and the scavenger ability was evaluated by the inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. Methanolic extracts are more potent as scavengers of peroxyl and superoxide radicals than the ethyl ether extracts. Apparently, there is a relationship between antioxidant potency and the total phenolic groups content in each extract.

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Butylated Hydroxytoluene Toxicity

Cited by 2 publications

References 66 publications

Use of an in Vitro Digestion Model To Study the Bioaccessibility of 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal and Related Aldehydes Present in Oxidized Oils Rich in Omega-6 Acyl Groups

Use of an in Vitro Digestion Model To Study the Bioaccessibility of 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal and Related Aldehydes Present in Oxidized Oils Rich in Omega-6 Acyl Groups

Antioxidant Activities of Some Extracts ofThymus zygis

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