Butterfly diversity in Gidakom Forest Management Unit, Thimphu, Bhutan

Koirala, Thal Prasad; Koirala, Bal Krishna; Koirala, Jaganath

doi:10.11609/jott.5117.12.8.15794-15803

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Nectar resources that include several ornamental plants such as Cosmos bipinnatus, Anthemis punctata, Dahlia pinnata, Tagetes erecta, Duranta repens, fruit crops such as Citrus spp., Psidium guajava, Prunus persica, Pyrus pashia and wild native plants such as Viburnum cotinifolium, Anaphalis contorta, Erigeron spp., Pyracantha crenulata, Berberis spp., Elaeagnus umbellata, Trifolium repens, Micromeria biflora, Salvia leucantha attracted many butterflies in the lush green hill garden and adjacent mixed forest. These results are similar to those studies reporting more butterflies in forest habitats compared to areas disturbed or altered by human activities (Bhardwaj et al, 2012;Arya et al, 2020a;Bohra and Purkayastha, 2021), while few studies have also reported the converse of this pattern (Chettri, 2015;Mukherjee and Mondal, 2020;Koirala et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Butterfly diversity and abundance in a sub-tropical wetland environment of Shyamlatal, Western Himalaya

Verma¹

2022

AJCB

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Shyamlatal, a natural rain-fed wetland located at an elevation of 1300m in Champawat District, owes its prime conservation value in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, India. Because there is a scarcity of data on bio-resources that are critical to ecological functioning, the present study documented the species composition and seasonal patterns in richness and abundance of butterflies for their future management and conservation in a wetland environment of the Shyamlatal. A record of 64 species and 45 genera under six butterfly families was made from the catchment area of watershed and surrounding forests surveyed during 2016 to 2018. Nymphalidae with 28 species over 45.84% of the total individuals was the most dominant taxonomic group of butterflies. Species on conservation priority were rare (17.18% species), habitat specific (18.75% species), legally protected (7.81% species) and endemic (20.31% species) butterflies of the Himalaya. The overall species richness and diversity of butterflies varied across seasons and the high similarity in butterfly composition was observed during summer and autumn. Results provided baseline information on the importance of mosaic of vegetation in sustaining rich butterfly diversity around the wetland, which must be managed and conserved for maintaining ecological health and integrity of the region. The results also revealed that human activities have negative consequences on butterfly diversity in the study area.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Butterfly diversity and abundance in a sub-tropical wetland environment of Shyamlatal, Western Himalaya

Verma¹

2022

AJCB

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“…Single molecule force ramping experiments were performed in home-built dual-trap optical tweezers [93][94][95] having a 1064 nm laser at 23 °C in a 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, and 10 mM MgCl 2 . Streptavidin coated polystyrene beads preincubated with the square construct and the anti-digoxigenin coated polystyrene beads were separately trapped in two laser foci of the optical tweezers.…”

Section: Single Molecule Force-extension Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA Nanoparticles as Rubber for Compelling Vessel Extravasation to Enhance Tumor Targeting and for Fast Renal Excretion to Reduce Toxicity

Ghimire

Wang

et al. 2020

ACS Nano

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Rubber is a fascinating material in both industry and daily life. The development of elastomeric material in nanotechnology is imperative due to its economic and technological potential. By virtue of their distinctive physicochemical properties, nucleic acids have been extensively explored in material science. Phi29 DNA packaging motor contains a 3WJ with three angles of 97°, 125°, and 138°. Here, the rubber-like property of RNA architectures was investigated using optical tweezers and in vivo imaging technologies. The 3WJ 97° interior angle was contracted or stretched to 60°, 90°, and 108° at will to build elegant RNA triangles, squares, pentagons, cubes, tetrahedrons, dendrimers, and prisms. RNA nanoarchitectures was stretchable and shrinkable by optical tweezer with multiple extension and relaxation repeats like a rubber. Comparing to gold and iron nanoparticles with the same size, RNA nanoparticles display stronger cancer-targeting outcomes while less accumulation in healthy organs. Generally, the upper limit of renal excretion is 5.5-nm, however, the 5, 10, and 20-nm RNA nanoparticles passed the renal filtration and resume their original structure identified in urine. These findings solve two previous mysteries: 1) why RNA nanoparticles have unusual high tumor targeting efficiency since their rubber or amoeba-like deformation property enables them to squeeze out of the leaky vasculature to improve EPR effect; 2) why RNA nanoparticles remain nontoxic since they can be rapidly cleared from the body via renal excretion into urine with little accumulation in the body. Considering its controllable shape and size plus its rubber-like property, RNA holds great promises for industrial and biomedical applications especially in cancer therapeutics delivery.

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“…Among observed species, 28 were very common, 14 were common, 8 were not rare, and 2 were rare (Table 1). An analogous study was carried out by Koirala et al (2020) at Gidakom Forest management Unit, Thimpu, Bhutan that revealed a total of 90 species under 52 genera and 5 families. Nymphalidae was dominant with 38 species followed by Lycaenidae with 19, Pieridae with 15, Papilionidae with 11, and Hesperiidae with 7 species.…”

Section: Table 3 Illustration How the Various Indices Change As The Relative Number Of Each Butterfly Species Change In The Baldha Gardenmentioning

confidence: 98%

Butterfly diversity in the three selected areas in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Islam

Kashem

Alim

et al. 2021

Bangladesh J. Zool.

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The diversity of butterfly species was studied from January to June 2015 in the three selected areas, viz. Ramna Park, Jagannath University Campus, and Baldha Garden in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. A total 75 species of butterfly belonging to 42 genera under 8 families were recorded from the study areas during the study period. Of them, 52 species (6253 individuals) of 8 families were found in the Ramna Park, 37 species (1430 individuals) of 7 families in the Jagannath University Campus and 20 species (320 individuals) of 6 families in the Boldha Garden. In these three study areas, 17 species, 14 genera and 6 families were in common. At the Ramna Park, the highest species richness included the family Lycaenidae (21.15%, 11 spp.) followed by Papilionidae (17.31%, 9 spp.), Pieridae (17.31%, 9 spp.), Nymphalidae (17.31%, 9 spp.), Hesperiidae (13.46%, 7 spp.), Danaidae (7.69%, 4 spp.), Satyridae (3.85%, 2 spp.), and the lowest was in the family Acriidae (1.92%, 1 spp.). At the Jagannath University Campus the highest number of species were recorded in the family Lycaenidae (21.62%, 8 spp.) and Hesperiidae (21.62%, 8 spp.) followed by Pieridae (18.92%, 7 spp.), Papilionidae (13.51%, 5 spp.), Nymphalidae (10.81%, 4 spp.), Danaidae (10.81%, 4 spp.), and the lowest was in Satyridae (2.70%, 1 spp.). The topmost butterfly species were recorded in the family Pieridae (25%, 5 spp.) followed by Lycaenidae (20%, 4 spp.), Nymphalidae (20%, 4 spp.), Papilionidae (15%, 3 spp.), and the lowest from the family Hesperiidae (10%, 2 spp.) and Danaidae (10%, 2 spp.) at the Baldha Garden. The maximum butterfly species were found in February to June (51 spp.), February (34 spp.), and April (16 spp.), and the lowest were in January (46 spp.), June (21 spp.) and January (8 spp.), respectively for the Ramna Park, Jagannath University Campus and the Baldha Garden. The peak of the population observed in May (n =1285), March (n = 325), and May (n = 71), and the lowest was in January (n = 662), June (n = 145) and January (n = 21), respectively for the Ramna Park, Jagannath University Campus, and Baldha Garden. The Shanon’s Diversity Index (H) and Simpson’s Index (λ) indicated high butterfly diversity at the Ramna Park (H = 3.68, λ = 0.03), Jagannath University Campus (H = 3.20, λ = 0.06) and Baldha Garden (H = 2.50, λ = 0.13), respectively. The high Species Evenness in the Ramna Park (E = 0.93), Jaganath University Campus (E = 0.89) and the Baldha Garden (E = 0.84) indicated that the species were evenly distributed. The calculated Sorenson’s Coefficient (CC) was 0.47, which indicates that these three communities have quite a bit of overlap or similarity. Bangladesh J. Zool. 48(2): 413-428, 2020

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Butterfly diversity in Gidakom Forest Management Unit, Thimphu, Bhutan

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Butterfly diversity and abundance in a sub-tropical wetland environment of Shyamlatal, Western Himalaya

Butterfly diversity and abundance in a sub-tropical wetland environment of Shyamlatal, Western Himalaya

RNA Nanoparticles as Rubber for Compelling Vessel Extravasation to Enhance Tumor Targeting and for Fast Renal Excretion to Reduce Toxicity

Butterfly diversity in the three selected areas in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

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