Butanol-gasoline blend and exhaust gas recirculation, impact on GDI engine emissions

Hergueta, C.; Bogarra, M.; Tsolakis, Athanasios; Essa, Khamis; Herreros, José Martín

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.022

Cited by 70 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Of four isomers, t-butanol was found as the most effective to reduce particle formation. Furthermore, Hergueta et al [174] investigated 33% of butanol containing 5% of ethanol (B33) in a gasoline engine. It was found that the gaseous and particle emissions were successfully decreased with primary particle diameter being unaffected.…”

Section: Particulate Matter (Pm) Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) as biofuel in gasoline and diesel engine: A review

Veza

Said

Latiff

2019

Fuel Processing Technology

112

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The properties of butanol offer more promising results compared to those of lower chain alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. However, butanol as a biofuel has not yet been commercially produced due to its costly process. Butanol is generally produced via the process of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) fermentation and can only be acquired after it was recovered from the ABE solvent. Despite the efforts and recent developments, obtaining higher butanol concentration from ABE fermentation is still relatively expensive and challenging. The idea of using ABE directly in internal combustion engines is then proposed to eliminate the recovery process. Several preliminary studies have reported several promising results of using ABE blends in both gasoline and diesel engines. However, researches in this area are still in the early stages, and thorough investigations are required. This review paper aims to provide essential findings from the latest development in the addition of ABE both with gasoline and diesel fuel in Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) engines. A brief discussion on ABE properties will be firstly given before the effects of its addition on SI and CI engine is comprehensively reviewed. The end of this article highlights some possible contributions and research gaps.

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Section: Particulate Matter (Pm) Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) as biofuel in gasoline and diesel engine: A review

Veza

Said

Latiff

2019

Fuel Processing Technology

112

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“…Vojtisek-Lom et al [59] determined PM emission reductions for a n-Butanol blending rate of 25% especially for urban and rural driving conditions, while the decrease of PN emission also happens for the motorway part. Hergueta et al [60] concluded that the oxygen content of butanol can decrease the soot formation rate as well as optimize the oxidation rates of the already formed particles. This is especially shown for blending rates up to 33%, reaching PM/PN emission reductions of >50%; however, Vojtisek-Lom et al [61] obtained approx.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deviation of gaseous and particulate pollutant emissions from butanol-gasoline blend combustion from those of neat gasoline fuel combustion depending on the butanol blending rate. Data derived from: Wigg et al, 2011 refers to [46], Li et al, 2017 refers to [47], Nithyanandan et al, 2016 refers to [48], Dernotte et al, 2010 refers to [50], He et al, 2013 refers to [55], Liu et al, 2019 refers to [58], Vojtisek-Lom et al, 2015 refers to [59], Hergueta et al, 2017 refers to[60], and Vojtisek-Lom et al, 2013 refers to[61].…”

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confidence: 99%

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

et al. 2019

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The Future Fuels project combines research in several institutes of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on the production and use of synthetic fuels for space, energy, transportation, and aviation. This article gives an overview of the research questions considered and results achieved so far and also provides insight into the multidimensional and interdisciplinary project approach. Various methods and models were used which are embedded in the research context and based on established approaches. The prospects for large-scale fuel production using renewable electricity and solar radiation played a key role in the project. Empirical and model-based investigations of the technological and cost-related aspects were supplemented by modelling of the integration into a future electricity system. The composition, properties, and the related performance and emissions of synthetic fuels play an important role both for potential oxygenated drop-in fuels in road transport and for the design and certification of alternative aviation fuels. In addition, possible green synthetic fuels as an alternative to highly toxic hydrazine were investigated with different tools and experiments using combustion chambers. The results provide new answers to many research questions. The experiences with the interdisciplinary approach of Future Fuels are relevant for the further development of research topics and co-operations in this field.Synthetic fuels based on renewable energies (RE) are widely seen as a key element to achieving climate-neutral transport (e.g., [1,2]). As liquid hydrocarbons have a high energy and power density, they are primarily discussed as fuels for (heavy) road vehicles, ships, and aircraft. Due to their low storage and transport losses, they are also conceivable as a complementary long-term electricity storage option [3]. The challenges of producing and implementing these fuels are manifold. Chemical processes and renewable electrical or thermal energy can be used to produce liquid hydrocarbons from various carbon sources and hydrogen (and sometimes oxygen). Synthetic fuels have several advantages: they can be easily integrated into our existing energy and mobility infrastructures, can be used in all areas of the transport sector, and they can be optimized with regard to their chemical properties. The main disadvantages are the high energy losses and production costs.In this research context, eleven research groups at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are working together on the Future Fuels project on synthetic fuels. The aim of the interdisciplinary approach is to realize synergies and joint research activities, as well as new research impulses through different perspectives. The scientists and engineers are investigating how synthetic fuels can be produced using solar energy and electrolysis processes (Solar Fuels), and are developing concepts for the re-conversion of these fuels into electricity. They are working on emission-optimized fuels for transport and aviation (Designer Fuels), as well as advanced space ap...

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“…When the intake port injected ethanol is gradually switched to direct injected gasoline, the APN of particles gradually rises. The formation of aggregated particles is strongly related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline; and the injection of large amount of gasoline into the cylinder can result in a locally fuel rich zone near the spark plug [34], so the atomization mixing effect is poor and the incomplete combustion can produce large amount of particles. Meanwhile, the reduction of ethanol will reduce the oxygen content in the fuel, which can also contribute to the increase of the particle emissions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study on the Effects of Ethanol Proportion on the Particle Numbers Emissions in a Combined Injection Engine

et al. 2019

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Ethanol has significant potential for the reduction of fuel consumption and the emissions of engines. In this paper, a dual-fuel combined engine test rig with ethanol injected in the intake port and gasoline injected directly into the cylinder are developed and the effects of ethanol/gasoline ratio (Re) on the combustion and emission of particle numbers are investigated experimentally. The results indicate that the peak in-cylinder temperature (Tmax) decreases continuously with the increase of the ethanol/gasoline ratio (Re). For particle emissions, ethanol can significantly reduce the accumulation mode particle number (APN) at low engine speed; and the lowest number of particulates are at G25 (the gasoline ratio is 25% of the fuel) at low load. And at high engine load, the total particle number (TPN) is insensitive to speed with large ethanol fraction and TPN is relatively small. With the decrease of Re (Re < 50%), TPN rises sharply. When the direct injection timing advances, TPN reduces continuously and the effects caused by speed can be neglected. On the contrary, the speed has significant effects on particle emissions at various ignition times. At low speed, increasing ignition advance can cause the increase of the TPN; which is contrary to the effects of particle emissions at medium engine speed. And the effect of ignition timing at high speed on particle number is not obvious. The ignition timing for which the lowest TPN is reached will increase with the direct injection timing advances.

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Butanol-gasoline blend and exhaust gas recirculation, impact on GDI engine emissions

Cited by 70 publications

References 47 publications

Progress of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) as biofuel in gasoline and diesel engine: A review

Progress of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) as biofuel in gasoline and diesel engine: A review

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

Comparative Study on the Effects of Ethanol Proportion on the Particle Numbers Emissions in a Combined Injection Engine

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