Butadiene Polymers and Polyisoprene - Prepared By Alfin and Emulsion Processes

D'Ianni, J. D.; Naples, F. J.; Field, J. E.

doi:10.1021/ie50481a028

Cited by 10 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

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“…Since the 1940s different approaches have been known for the polymerization of dienes (butadiene and isoprene) in emulsion to obtain polydiene nanoparticles. One of the first reports to present an emulsion polymerization route for butadiene or isoprene and its styrenic copolymer was that of Dianni et al in 1950 22. Cheong et al presented a convenient way to produce a PI latex with a low degree of cross‐linking by an ab initio emulsion polymerization and a seeded emulsion polymerization 23.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Fluorescent Polyisoprene Nanoparticles and their Uptake into Various Cells

Lorenz

Kohnle

Dass

et al. 2008

Macromolecular Bioscience

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Fluorescent polyisoprene nanoparticles were synthesized by the miniemulsion technique as marker particles for cells. The uptake of the non-functionalized polyisoprene nanoparticles, without any transfection agents, into different adherent (HeLa) and also suspension (Jurkat) cell lines is strikingly efficient and fast compared to other polymeric particles, and leads to high loading of the cells. The intracellular polyisoprene particles are localized as single particles in endosomes distributed throughout the entire cytoplasm. The uptake kinetics shows that particle internalization starts during the first minutes of incubation and is finished after 48 h of incubation. Since (unfunctionalized) polystyrene particles show a comparable, low uptake behavior in cells, the uptake rates can be tuned by the amount of polystyrene in polyisoprene/polystyrene copolymer particles. As polyisoprene nanoparticles are internalized by different cell lines that are relevant for biomedical applications, they can be used to label these cells efficiently if a marker is incorporated in the particles. As polyisoprene is not or is hardly biodegradable the particles should be suited for long-term applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Fluorescent Polyisoprene Nanoparticles and their Uptake into Various Cells

Lorenz

Kohnle

Dass

et al. 2008

Macromolecular Bioscience

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Isoprene Polymers

Senyek

2008

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Isoprene was first isolated from the pyrolysis products of natural rubber. The first preparation of polyisoprene was reported in 1879. In 1950, the goal of preparing synthetic cis 1,4‐polyisoprene as a counter part to natural rubber was achieved. Attention was then focused on commercial preparation of isoprene for polymerization use. Shortly after the discovery of stereospecific catalysts, the first commercial polyisoprene plant came on stream in 1959–1960 using a lithium catalyst. Isoprene is a reactive diene that undergoes cycloaddition, electrophilic, nucleophilic, free‐radical, and coordinated catalytic addition, and thermal dimerization. Information on the production of isoprene by naphtha cracking as well as the synthetic processes is detailed. Depending on the catalyst and conditions, isoprene may undergo 1,2,3,4, or 1,4 addition leading to several isomeric structures. Coordination catalysts, alkali metal catalysts, and Alfin catalysts are important for polymerization and are discussed. Chemical modification of polymers is a convenient way of altering physical and mechanical properties. Highly unsaturated polymers such as polyisoprene are easily modified because the olefinic bond is readily available. Their high reactivity with a variety of chemical substances offers advantages in chemical modification and vulcanization. However, reaction with oxygen and ozone causes degradation and loss of physical and mechanical properties. Synthetic polyisoprene is processed on conventional rubber machinery. Compounding technology is similar to that used for natural rubber. Typical formulations are given. A brief discussion of isoprene copolymers and 1,4‐ trans ‐polyisoprene is included. Isoprene is classified as a flammable liquid. It is a moderate irritant to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. The primary use for cis ‐1,4‐polyisoprene is in tires and tire products. It is also used, eg, in molded and mechanical goods, adhesives, belts, foam rubber, and elastic threads.. Automotive molded products and medical applications are typical. Trans ‐1,4‐Poyisoprene can be extracted, calendered, injection molded, and compression molded. It can be used in blends with other polymers. Its main use is in golf ball covers.

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Oligomerization and Polymerization

2017

Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Two Volume Set

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Butadiene Polymers and Polyisoprene - Prepared By Alfin and Emulsion Processes

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Synthesis of Fluorescent Polyisoprene Nanoparticles and their Uptake into Various Cells

Synthesis of Fluorescent Polyisoprene Nanoparticles and their Uptake into Various Cells

Isoprene Polymers

Oligomerization and Polymerization

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