Business Models Used in Smart Cities—Theoretical Approach with Examples of Smart Cities
Radosław Wolniak,
Bożena Gajdzik,
Michaline Grebski
et al.
Abstract:This paper examines business model implementations in three leading European smart cities: London, Amsterdam, and Berlin. Through a systematic literature review and comparative analysis, the study identifies and analyzes various business models employed in these urban contexts. The findings reveal a diverse array of models, including public–private partnerships, build–operate–transfer arrangements, performance-based contracts, community-centric models, innovation hubs, revenue-sharing models, outcome-based fin… Show more
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