Business models for fecal sludge management in India

Abstract

Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) is a subprogram of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agro-industrial waste streams. This subprogram aims to create impact through different lines of action research, including (i) developing and testing scalable RRR business models, (ii) assessing and mitigating risks from RRR for public health and the environment, (iii) supporting public and private entities with innovative approaches for the safe reuse of wastewater and organic waste, and (iv) improving rural-urban linkages and resource allocations while minimizing the negative urban footprint on the peri-urban environment. This subprogram works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations University (UNU), and many national and international partners across the globe. The RRR series of documents present summaries and reviews of the subprogram's research and resulting application guidelines, targeting development experts and others in the research for development continuum.

Private emptiers' perspectives on the regulation of faecal sludge emptying services in Sub-Saharan Africa

“…In order to protect the workers, the population and the environment, several cities in SSA regulate emptying and transport services. This regulation covers five main aspects: design and construction of onsite facilities; demand of emptying and transport services; operators through licences and permits; operations, transport and disposal of faecal sludge; and service tariffs (Trémolet 2012;Kone et al 2014;Rao et al 2016). Implementation of policy and regulatory frameworks has been found to be difficult, due to the lack of capacity of stakeholders to abide by or enforce the regulation (including technical and financial capacity, knowledge of the regulations and regulatory process) (Mulumba et al 2015;Kohlitz et al 2018), the inadequacy of regulations (Sinharoy et al 2019;Weststrate et al 2019), limited monitoring and enforcement capacities to ensure fair and predictable incentives and penalties (Kone et al 2014) and the lack of data available on sanitation facilities, service providers and their operations (Sinharoy et al 2019).…”

“…Implementation of policy and regulatory frameworks has been found to be difficult, due to the lack of capacity of stakeholders to abide by or enforce the regulation (including technical and financial capacity, knowledge of the regulations and regulatory process) (Mulumba et al 2015;Kohlitz et al 2018), the inadequacy of regulations (Sinharoy et al 2019;Weststrate et al 2019), limited monitoring and enforcement capacities to ensure fair and predictable incentives and penalties (Kone et al 2014) and the lack of data available on sanitation facilities, service providers and their operations (Sinharoy et al 2019). Incentives and support are needed to ensure enforcement of rules (Parkinson & Quader 2008;Trémolet 2012;Rao et al 2016).…”

Segmentation using Customers Lifetime Value: Hybrid K-means Clustering and Analytic Hierarchy Process

“…Sustainable marketing aims to maintain and increase customer loyalty through long-term services [13]- [16], such as a continuous replenishment program. This can be directed to less profitable customers [15] because partnership programs can increase purchases [17]. Meanwhile, business-to-business programs can be applied to moderately profitable customers [16], [17].…”

“…This can be directed to less profitable customers [15] because partnership programs can increase purchases [17]. Meanwhile, business-to-business programs can be applied to moderately profitable customers [16], [17]. Finally, high-end services can be provided to highly profitable customers to increase trust and loyalty [18]- [21].…”

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in water and sanitation sectors in India

“…This also leads to bacterial contamination impacting water quality, especially in shallow aquifers. There is an urgent need to effectively develop the faecal sludge management services in rural and urban areas (Berendes et al 2017;Rao et al 2020). Similarly, it is necessary to sustain the use of toilets, especially in areas with acute water shortage.…”