Business Closures, Stay-at-Home Restrictions, and COVID-19 Testing Outcomes in New York City

Borjas, George J.

doi:10.5888/pcd17.200264

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Similarly, both testing and tracing policies and restriction of movement policies were associated with improved COVID-19 health outcomes, with more reductions in cases and deaths for mandatory policies. Our findings for restriction of movement policies are consistent with previous research demonstrating that lockdowns and closures of businesses are effective in decreasing infection rates and COVID-19 deaths ( 32 , 33 ). However, current literature has not attempted to compare the benefits of restricted movement to those anticipated with NPIs such as lockdowns or business closures ( 34 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

A Retrospective Global Assessment of Factors Associated With COVID-19 Policies and Health Outcomes

Choi

Hean

Lee

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundThe 2019 Global Health Security (GHS) Index measured the capacities of countries to prepare for and respond to epidemics and pandemics. However, the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that GHS Index scores were poorly correlated with ability to respond to infectious disease threats. It is critical to understand how public health policies may reduce the negative impacts of pandemics.ObjectiveTo identify non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that can minimize morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 and future pandemics, this study examined associations between country characteristics, NPI public health policies, and COVID-19 outcomes during the first year of the pandemic, prior to the introduction of the COVID-19 vaccine. This global analysis describes worldwide trends in policy implementation and generates a stronger understanding of how NPIs contributed to improved health outcomes.DesignThis cross-sectional, retrospective study relied on information drawn from publicly available datasets through December 31, 2020.Primary and Secondary Outcome MeasuresWe conducted multivariate regressions to examine associations between country characteristics and policies, and policies and health outcomes.ResultsCountries with higher health service coverage prior to the pandemic implemented more policies and types of policies. Countries with more bordering countries implemented more border control policies (0.78**), and countries with denser populations implemented more masking policies (0.24*). Across all countries, fewer COVID-19 cases and deaths per million were associated with masking (−496.10*, −7.57), testing and tracing (−108.50**, −2.47**), and restriction of movement (−102.30*, −2.10*) policies, with stronger associations when these policies were mandatory rather than voluntary.ConclusionsCountry characteristics, including health service coverage, number of bordering countries, and population density, may predict the frequency and nature of public health interventions. Countries with higher health service coverage may have the infrastructure to react more efficiently to a pandemic, leading them to implement a greater number of policies. Mandatory masking, testing and tracing, and restriction of movement policies were associated with more favorable COVID-19 population health outcomes. While these results are consistent with existing COVID-19 mathematical models, policy effectiveness depends on how well they are implemented. Our results suggest that social distancing policies were less effective in reducing infectious disease risk, which may reflect difficulties with enforcement and monitoring.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

A Retrospective Global Assessment of Factors Associated With COVID-19 Policies and Health Outcomes

Choi

Hean

Lee

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…At the level of the community and the country, studies have shown that lockdowns are effective in reducing transmission, hospitalization, and death [37][38][39], while others have not found significant benefits preventing the spread of infection from very restrictive lockdowns [40]. This study has found a significant negative association (decreasing trend) of earlier stay-athome or lockdown with the DCR which is a surrogate for the spread of the virus in the community at the county level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Did the Timing of State Mandated Lockdown Affect the Spread of COVID-19 Infection? A County-level Ecological Study in the United States

Trivedi

Das

2021

J Prev Med Public Health

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Previous pandemics have demonstrated that several demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic factors may play a role in increased infection risk. During this current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, our aim was to examine the association of timing of lockdown at the county level and aforementioned risk factors with daily case rate (DCR) in the United States. Methods:A cross-sectional study using publicly available data was performed including Americans with COVID-19 infection as of May 24, 2020. The United States counties with >100 000 population and >50 cases per 100 000 people were included. The independent variable was the days required from the declaration of lockdown to reach the target case rate (50/100 000 cases) while the dependent (outcome) variable was the DCR per 100 000 on the day of statistical calculation (May 24, 2020) after adjusting for multiple confounding socio-demographic, geographic, and health-related factors. Each independent factor was correlated with outcome variables and assessed for collinearity with each other. Subsequently, all factors with significant association to the outcome variable were included in multiple linear regression models using stepwise method. Models with best R 2 value from the multiple regression were chosen. Results:The timing of mandated lockdown order had the most significant association on the DCR per 100 000 after adjusting for multiple socio-demographic, geographic and health-related factors. Additional factors with significant association with increased DCR include rate of uninsured and unemployment. Conclusions:The timing of lockdown order was significantly associated with the spread of COVID-19 at the county level in the United States.

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“…The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in stay-at-home (SAH) orders and other mandates designed to slow the spread of disease [ 1 – 3 ]. These restrictions also triggered business closures, economic losses, and psychological stressors that have significantly impacted society [ 4 – 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric trauma in Southern California

et al. 2021

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Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased penetrating trauma and decreased length of stay (LOS) amongst the adult trauma population, findings important for resource allocation. Studies regarding the pediatric trauma population are sparse and mostly single-center. This multicenter study examined pediatric trauma patients, hypothesizing increased penetrating trauma and decreased LOS after the 3/19/2020 stay-at-home (SAH) orders. Methods A multicenter retrospective analysis of trauma patients ≤ 17 years old presenting to 11 centers in California was performed. Demographic data, injury characteristics, and outcomes were collected. Patients were divided into three groups based on injury date: 3/19/2019–6/30/2019 (CONTROL), 1/1/2020–3/18/2020 (PRE), 3/19/2020–6/30/2020 (POST). POST was compared to PRE and CONTROL in separate analyses. Results 1677 patients were identified across all time periods (CONTROL: 631, PRE: 479, POST: 567). POST penetrating trauma rates were not significantly different compared to both PRE (11.3 vs. 9.0%, p = 0.219) and CONTROL (11.3 vs. 8.2%, p = 0.075), respectively. POST had a shorter mean LOS compared to PRE (2.4 vs. 3.3 days, p = 0.002) and CONTROL (2.4 vs. 3.4 days, p = 0.002). POST was also not significantly different than either group regarding intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, ventilator days, and mortality (all p > 0.05). Conclusions This multicenter retrospective study demonstrated no difference in penetrating trauma rates among pediatric patients after SAH orders but did identify a shorter LOS.

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Business Closures, Stay-at-Home Restrictions, and COVID-19 Testing Outcomes in New York City

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

A Retrospective Global Assessment of Factors Associated With COVID-19 Policies and Health Outcomes

A Retrospective Global Assessment of Factors Associated With COVID-19 Policies and Health Outcomes

Did the Timing of State Mandated Lockdown Affect the Spread of COVID-19 Infection? A County-level Ecological Study in the United States

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric trauma in Southern California

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