“…It is also employed to model natural circulation flow in the PWR fuel (Ni et al, 2021), estimation of the countercurrent flow in the downcomer (Li et al, 2023a), analysis of loss of flow accidents (Corzo et al, 2023), and study rod ejection accidents (El-Sahlamy et al, 2022). Further, the NPPs data is generated from the STAR-CCM+ CFD simulation tool for several applications (Marfaing et al, 2018;Benavides et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2023). Besides, the big data of the NPPs could be collected from education and training simulators.…”