“…In these, the common factor is the presence of fractures within communities and societies, the lines of cleavage coinciding mostly with divisions along religious, ethnic, linguistic, socioeconomic, class, gender, age, and/or ideological lines. In both India and Sri Lanka, ethnic, caste, and religious conflicts are blamed for the destruction of rare, irreplaceable library holdingsfor example, those of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune, India, and the Jaffna Public Library in Sri Lanka (Caswell, 2009;Knuth, 2006). In South Africa it is not clear whether public libraries have been deliberately targeted simply because they were libraries.…”