Burning behaviour of foam/cotton fabric combinations in the cone calorimeter

Orientation effect on cone calorimeter test results to assess fire hazard of materials

“…Fire scenario Orientation of conical heater and sample Tsai and Drysdale [2,3] Vertical flame spread Vertical Grant and Drysdale [4] Vertical flame spread Vertical Karlsson [5] Vertical flame spread Horizontal Anderson and McKeever [6] Vertical flame spread Horizontal Lattimer et al [7] Vertical flame spread Horizontal Quintiere and Lee [8] Vertical flame spread Horizontal Hirschler [9] Fire propagating from burning furniture to vertical finish material Horizontal Lefebvre et al [10] Burning on vertical polyurethane foam Horizontal Mouritz and Gardiner [11] Fire on vertical polymer sandwich composites Horizontal Chow [12] Burning on vertical polyurethane sandwich panel Horizontal Le Lay and Gutierrez [13] Burning on vertical external warship surface Horizontal Elliot and Whiteley [14] Burning on insulated wire Horizontal Salvador et al [15] Burning on cardboard and polyethylene Horizontal Price et al [16] Burning on foam/cotton fabric combination material Horizontal Rossi et al [17] Burning on polystyrene material Horizontal Mortaigne et al [18] Burning on piping material Horizontal Li [19] Burning on polyvinyl chloride Horizontal Bourbigot et al [20] Burning on polybenzazole and p-aramidfibres Horizontal Chuang et al [21] Burning on plywood Horizontal Chuang et al [22] Burning on plywood Horizontal Tsai [23] Substrate effect on five materials Horizontal roughly pyramidal volume of pyrolysis gases exists for the horizontal samples while a very thin sheet of pyrolysis products flowing upwards and along the surface exists the vertical orientation. Additionally, Babrauskas [26] reported the time to ignition data for two round robin cone calorimeter tests.…”

“…However, surveying existing fire models [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and material fire performance evaluation reports [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] (see Table 1) reveals that most do not consider orientation. Additionally, new Japanese and Australian Building Codes [24,25] employ the data conducted with horizontal samples exposed to 50 kW/m 2 irradiance in the cone calorimeter for surface lining material classification.…”

Roles of organic intercalation agent with flame retardant groups in montmorillonite (MMT) in properties of polypropylene composites

“…Cone calorimetry was carried out to evaluate the flammability and potential fire safety of polymers. It brings quantitative analysis to flammability research of materials by investigating parameters such as time to ignition (TTI), heat release rate (HRR) especially the peak value (PHRR), average heat release rate (AHRR) and total heat release (THR), and mass loss (ML) . The results of all samples are shown in Fig.…”

Cotton flame retardancy: state of the art and future perspectives

“…To this aim, some model molecules have been used, as well. The main concepts regarding the mechanisms, through which cotton degrades and thus burns have been clearly understood in this period, thanks to the comprehensive work carried out by Shazadeh and coworkers, 6,7,16,[29][30][31][32][33] Horrocks alone or in collaboration with Price and Kandola 4,14,17,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] and the new analytical techniques employed by Morterra 56-63 and Emsley. The former group is typied by Proban® (Rhodia) product which is based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium-urea condensate: aer padding onto cloth, it is cross-linked by ammonia gas and followed by peroxide oxidation to stabilise the resulting polymeric matrix.…”