Burden of undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among adult populations in Wolaita Sodo Town, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Hypertension is defined as two or more measurements of systolic blood pressure equal to or greater than 130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure equal to or greater than 80 mm Hg. At the community level, symptoms of hypertension are not often detected in the early stages and it leads to many people being left undiagnosed with the disease. Undiagnosed hypertension increases the risk of complications like heart failure, kidney failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and premature death. There is a paucity of studies concerning the burden of undiagnosed hypertension in Ethiopia including the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the burden of undiagnosed hypertension among adults in Wolaita Sodo Town, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia,2021. Methods and materials A community-based cross-sectional study involving 662 study participants was conducted at Wolaita Sodo Town from May 3 to July 3, 2021. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the total number of participants. The data was entered using Epidata version 3, and analyzed by SPSS version 25 respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to check for a possible association. P-values < 0.05 and 95% CI were used on multi-variable analysis as the threshold for the significant statistical association. Results A total of 644 have participated in the study giving a response rate of 97.3%. The mean (± SD) age of the study participants was 39.18 (± 10.64) years. This finding showed that the burden of undiagnosed hypertension was 28.8% (95% CI: 24.7–33.2%). Body mass index with overweight (AOR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.17–6.86), the presence of unrecognized diabetic mellitus (AOR = 1.31 95% CI: 1.11–2.15) habit of alcohol drinking (AOR = 2.91, 95% CI: 1.31–4.48), triglyceride (AOR = 3.48 95% CI: 1.22–9.95), age 31–43 years (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.02–2.01) were significantly associated factors with undiagnosed hypertension. Conclusions The burden of undiagnosed hypertension findings was high. Body mass index with overweight, unrecognized diabetic mellitus the habit of alcohol drinking, triglyceride, and age 31–43 years were the factors with undiagnosed hypertension. These findings suggested that preventing risk factors and screening for hypertension at the community level should be encouraged for early detection, and monitoring of the burden of hypertension with ages more than 30 years old, high body mass index, and undiagnosed diabetic mellitus in the population.

Undiagnosed hypertension and its associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Undiagnosed hypertension was defined as a person having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 130 or 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of at least 80 or 90 mmHg, for which it was not diagnosed before the measurement and/not told them by health care provider that they have it. 13,16,22 The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was measured by dividing the total number of events (participants having undiagnosed hypertension) by the total number of interviewed participants. Blood pressure measurement: We considered studies that measured the blood pressure of adults in a sitting position from either arm after a minimum of 5-min rest, by standard mercury Sphygmomanometer or digital blood pressure measuring apparatus and whom participants did not take caffeine or smoke 30 min before the measurement.…”

“…In this study, the primary outcome was a prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension; and the secondary outcome of interest was factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension. U ndiagnosed hypertension was defined as a person having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 130 or 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of at least 80 or 90 mmHg, for which it was not diagnosed before the measurement and/not told them by health care provider that they have it 13,16,22 . The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was measured by dividing the total number of events (participants having undiagnosed hypertension) by the total number of interviewed participants.…”

“…All of the included studies were cross-sectional. [13][14][15][16][17]20,22,23,[33][34][35] Five studies were done in southern nations nationalities and peoples region (SNNPR), 13,15,22,33,34 two studies were done in Addis Ababa (AA), 20,23 two studies were done in Oromia region, 17,35 and the remaining two studies were done in Amhara region. 14,16 Seven studies used the ≥140/90 mmHg blood pressure threshold for hypertension [15][16][17]20,23,33,35 ; whereas the remaining four studies used the ≥130/80 mmHg blood pressure threshold for diagnosing hypertension.…”

Cause-Specific Mortality Fraction (CSMF) of adult mortality in Butajira, South Central Ethiopia

“…The 2019 global burden of disease report also indicated that stroke is one cause of premature mortality in Ethiopia [56,64]. Despitestrategic direction to reduce the burden of hypertension in place, undiagnosed hypertension is still high in Ethiopia [65] with significant risk factors [66]. Besides, the available health services are minimal [45].…”

Blood Pressure Examination Habit and Its Determinants Among Civil Servants in Arba Minch Town: A Cross-Sectional Study – Using Hurdle Poisson Regression Model

“…9 Despite this, about 37-78% of hypertensive patients were unaware of their blood pressure situation, 10 and 12.3% to 40% of the population affected by undiagnosed hypertension. [11][12][13][14][15][16] This evidence suggests the importance of blood pressure screening for preventive, control and timely treatment of hypertension.…”