Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in a densely populated urban community, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract

Typhoid fever is more common than paratyphoid fever in the urban Bangladeshi slum; children<5 years old have the highest incidence. Multidrug resistance is common in S. Typhi isolates and is associated with prolonged illness. Strategies for typhoid fever prevention in children aged<5 years in Bangladesh, including immunization, are needed.

Comparative Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Widal Test in Southern Districts (Bannu, Lakki Marwat and D.I.KHAN) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

“…Due to low cost, the Widal test is mostly used but it has some disadvantages like it cannot detect the disease at the early stage because specific antibodies take at least 1 week to reach detectable level. Along with that, it is nonspecific and particularly unreliable with single titers [2,3]. In the present study, Widal test was positive in 20% of healthy persons without clinical signs because these healthy persons were living in endemic areas.…”

“…We found only 14.5% positivity for blood culture in this study, may be because of low bacteremia in most of our blood samples or because of other factors such as the bacterio static effect of antibiotics already administered to some patients before blood culture was done, the time of blood collection, the type of culture medium used, the host's immune response system and the intracellular characteristics of S. Typhi [2,3,7,8,9]. In this study, PCR assay detected positive results in 58.5% of the patients that were negative in blood culture although clinically suspected for typhoid fever.…”

“…The early and definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever can make possible specific treatment at an early stage of the disease, leading to rapid elimination of the pathogen and helping in the epidemiological investigation of food borne outbreaks [2]. The most preferential methods for the diagnosis of typhoid fever currently used are blood culture and the Widal test.…”

“…The cells of Salmonella typhi are rod shaped 2-3 μm long and 0.4-0.6 μm diameter [1]. Salmonella typhi is a highly adapted humanspecific pathogen [2], and the illness caused by this bacterium is a serious public health concern, particularly in developing countries [3]. In economically weak countries, the typhoid fever continues to be endemic, although it has been eradicated from economically stable and developed nations by well-organized sanitation and hygienic water supply.…”

Modelling the Influence of Covariates of Typhoid Patients at the Tamale Teaching Hospital Using Generalised Linear Models

“…Paratyphoid fever is a similar illness caused by S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A, B (tartrate negative), or C. Humans are the only host of this latter group of pathogens. S. Typhi is a highly adapted human-specific pathogen [4], and the illness caused by these bacteria is a serious public health concern, particularly in developing countries [5,6].…”