Burden of tuberculosis among vulnerable populations worldwide: an overview of systematic reviews

The effect of conditional cash transfers on tuberculosis incidence and mortality is determined by ethnoracial and socioeconomic factors: a cohort study of 54 million individuals in Brazil

“…TB prevention and care for economically vulnerable populations became an even greater challenge during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. 14 Each of these socially vulnerable populations has specificities and complexities when it comes to implementing TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment interventions. 14 Furthermore, it is important to consider that inequalities linked to local contexts, health facilities, and social, behavioural, and cultural factors, can superimpose on the organisation of health services, influencing the care provided to these populational groups.…”

“… 14 Each of these socially vulnerable populations has specificities and complexities when it comes to implementing TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment interventions. 14 Furthermore, it is important to consider that inequalities linked to local contexts, health facilities, and social, behavioural, and cultural factors, can superimpose on the organisation of health services, influencing the care provided to these populational groups. 14 In this sense, it becomes urgent to intensify the actions of prevention and comprehensive care aimed at people in situations of social vulnerability to TB, as well as intersectoral articulations and the inclusion of the TB on the agendas of Social Assistance and Human Rights, among others.…”

“… 14 Furthermore, it is important to consider that inequalities linked to local contexts, health facilities, and social, behavioural, and cultural factors, can superimpose on the organisation of health services, influencing the care provided to these populational groups. 14 In this sense, it becomes urgent to intensify the actions of prevention and comprehensive care aimed at people in situations of social vulnerability to TB, as well as intersectoral articulations and the inclusion of the TB on the agendas of Social Assistance and Human Rights, among others. For this purpose, an Inter-Ministerial Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis and Other Socially Determined Diseases was recently created in Brazil.…”

“…To con rm the robustness of the ndings, we applied several sensitivity analyses (for details see Appendix, p.9-12): i) we tted models with only individual-level variables and tested the inclusion of different aggregate-level variables, ii) we tted the same regressions without the TB endemicity level variable, iii) we estimated and compared all models without IPTW, iv) to evaluate the adoption of per capita expenses as a proxy for wealth, we carried out the same analyses with other proxies, such as per capita income, v) we adjusted the same models with different speci cations (including different sets of individual-level covariates, inclusion or exclusion of robust standard errors, only in municipalities with adequate vital information). Finally, to have a greater degree of con dence in the causal inference of our impact evaluation, we performed two different triangulation analyses, 20 verifying the existence of BFP effects also using alternative methods: survival analysis with Cox multivariate regression and propensity score matching (PSM) (Appendix, p. [13][14].…”

“… 6 Several studies have demonstrated the positive effects of BFP on health outcomes such as child mortality 7 , cardiovascular diseases, 8 suicide, 9 leprosy 10 and some aspects of the TB burden 11 – 13 among others. However, the effects of CCT on TB outcomes among populations at high risk for TB and with limited access to health services, such as marginalised groups and extremely poor populations, 14 have never been systematically estimated.…”