Burden of liver disease progression in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The effect of diabetes and prediabetes on the prevalence, complications and mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

“…Evidence from meta-analyses have shown that NAFLD increases the risk of CKD, CVD, stroke, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality compared to the general population [ 13 , 14 ]. While insulin resistance is a core pathway in the pathogenesis of NAFLD [ 9 ], current large scale population studies [ 13 , 14 ] were conducted with reference to non-NAFLD diabetic patients, and were less focused on the effect relative to NAFLD without diabetes or have not accounted for competing risk [ 26 ] mortality. Moreover, the implications of prediabetes, a sign of metabolic perturbation, have not been examined among NAFLD patients.…”

“…Current consensus by the American Diabetic Association recommends that patients with type 2 diabetes with either elevation in liver enzymes or fatty liver on ultrasound imaging should be screened for NASH [ 12 ] or fibrosis. Several observational studies have also found that the presence of diabetes in NAFLD increases the risk of all cause and cardiovascular mortality compared to non-NAFLD diabetics [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome: Clinical and epidemiological impact on liver disease

“…83 Similarly, a recent French study on 52,066 patients hospitalized with diabetes found that most liver-related complications were attributable to alcohol use disorders, whereas <10% were attributed to obesity or MetS. 84 Synergism, or a supra-additive interaction effect, describes an interaction between two exposures (e.g., harmful alcohol use and MetS), where the effect on the outcome (e.g., liver disease) is greater than the sum of the individual effects. Several epidemiological studies (reviewed in 1,85 ) have shown supra-additive effects of harmful drinking and metabolic factors on liver disease.…”

“…Similarly, it is now increasingly appreciated that liver disease has a multifactorial background, where the contribution of several common risk factors in combination may produce a higher overall risk than any significantly elevated single factor. 67,38,37,47,82,44,48,43,84,41,57,1,85,68,64,87,103,52,135 Therefore, in the context of chronic liver disease, risk prediction models that incorporate multiple factors could be useful for risk stratification, diagnostics, and therapeutic purposes.…”

A novel DNA methylation‐driver gene signature for long‐term survival prediction of hepatitis‐positive hepatocellular carcinoma patients

“…Liver cancer is an important fatal cancer type worldwide, and the majority of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 1 . The most common causes of HCC include hepatitis infection, excessive drinking, aflatoxin, nonalcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD), excess body weight, and type 2 diabetes 1–3 . Although the treatment of HCC is gradually enriched, the prognosis is still unsatisfactory 4–6 .…”