Burden of disease due to human coronavirus NL63 infections and periodicity of infection

Abstract

HCoV-NL63 infection in children below 3 years of age often requires a visit to the physician in an outpatient clinic, especially during peak-years, but hospitalizations are relatively infrequent.

Human coronavirus circulation in the United States 2014–2017

“…Different HCoV species predominated in different years; HCoV-OC43 appeared to peak annually, while HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-229E showed more variability, with distinct peaks in one or two of the three years studied. This is consistent with previously published site-specific data indicating that individual species may only demonstrate peak activity every 2-3 years [10,11].…”

The dominance of human coronavirus OC43 and NL63 infections in infants

“…3,19,20 In the majority of the abovementioned studies only 1 year was sampled and for HCoVs a large year-to-year periodicity is known. 14,21,22 The significant differences of seroconversion rates between the coronaviruses observed here cannot be attributed to variable circulating frequencies as samples were collected over multiple years.…”

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of human CoV-HKU1 in children with acute respiratory tract infections in China

“…The periodicity of coronavirus infection is also described in other reports. 4,8 The majority of HCoV-HKU1 positive patients (78.9%, 15/19) were ≤5-years-of-age, which indicated that young children are at high risk of HCoV-HKU1 infection. HCoV-HKU1 was only detected from November to April in this study, with a peak in January and February, which agrees with USA, Hong Kong, and Italian reports.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Recently three novel human coronavirus were identified, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), human coronavirus Netherlands (HCoV-NL63), and human coronavirus Hong Kong (HCoV-HKU1). [5][6][7][8] HCoV-HKU1 was first isolated in 2005 from a 71-year-old man with pneumonia. 6 Several successive reports confirmed retrospectively that HCoV-HKU1 was circulating worldwide.…”