Burden of childhood diseases and malnutrition in a semi-urban slum in southern India

Sarkar, Rajiv; Sivarathinaswamy, Prabhu; Thangaraj, Bhuvaneshwari; Sindhu, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan; Ajjampur, Sitara Swarna Rao; Muliyil, Jayaprakash; Balraj, Vinohar; Naumova, Elena N.; Ward, Honorine; Kang, Gagandeep

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-87

Cited by 63 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A nested case-control study was conducted among children residing in a slum community in the western outskirts of Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, using data from two community-based studies on childhood cryptosporidiosis between 2008 and 2013. The first study was a quasi-experimental study on the effect of protected drinking water supply (bottled drinking water) in preventing childhood cryptosporidiosis, where 176 children were recruited at birth or during exclusive breastfeeding and followed weekly until 2 years of age 33 ; drinking bottled water did not confer additional protection against cryptosporidial infections. 34 The second study was a birth-cohort study on immune responses to Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Cryptosporidiosis Among Children in a Semi Urban Slum in Southern India: A Nested Case-Control Study

Sarkar

Kattula

Francis

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The risk factors for acquisition of cryptosporidial infection in resource-poor settings are poorly understood. A nested case-control study was conducted to assess factors associated with childhood cryptosporidiosis (detected by stool polymerase chain reaction) in an endemic, Indian slum community using data from two community-based studies with 580 children followed prospectively until their second birthday. Factors were assessed for overall cryptosporidiosis (N = 406), and for multiple (N = 208), asymptomatic (N = 243), and symptomatic (N = 163) infections, respectively. Presence of older siblings (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88, P = 0.002) and stunting at 6 months of age (OR = 1.74, P = 0.019) were important risk factors for childhood cryptosporidiosis. Always boiling drinking water before consumption, the use of a toilet by all members of the family, and maternal age 23 years were protective. These results provide insights into acquisition of childhood cryptosporidiosis in settings with poor environmental sanitation, contaminated public water supply systems, and close human-animal contact. Disease control strategies will require a multifaceted approach.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Cryptosporidiosis Among Children in a Semi Urban Slum in Southern India: A Nested Case-Control Study

Sarkar

Kattula

Francis

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Although India has succeeded in reducing child mortality to a considerable extent [Gupta et al 2009], a considerable number of children are still dying of these two diseases because of piecemeal approach to service provision and those at greatest risk are not being identified and reached [WHO/UNICEF 2013]. Identifying those at greatest risk, hardest to reach and most neglected, and targeting them with effective interventions will help to close the gap, eventually Many studies in India and abroad have already studied prevalence and determinants of diarrhoea [Sarkar et al 2013;Khan et al 2013; Luke and McPike 2012; Gladstone 2010; Jadhav 2009;Sakdapolrak et al 2011; Melo et al 2008] and ARI [Islam 2013;Srivastava et al 2012; Wadgave and Godale 2011; Prajapati 2011;Prietsch 2008;Savitha 2007; Gupta et al 2007;Acharya 2003;Broor 2001;Biswas 1999]. However, the scope of most of the previous studies is geographically restricted.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections among under-five children in slums: Evidence from India

Singh

2014

Preprint

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Background: In the wake of burgeoning slum population, a substantial reduction in the prevalence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI) is necessary for to achieve necessary reduction in child mortality in urban India. To achieve this, we need evidence based public health interventions and programs. However, a review of previous studies indicate that national level studies focused on slum population are very few. Therefore, the present study aims to study differentials and determinants of diarrhea and ARI in urban slums of India. Methodology: Using data obtained from the third round of National Family Health Survey conducted in 2005-06, we analyzed information on 2687 under-5 children living in urban slums located in eight selected India cities. Apart from bivariate analysis, logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factor associated with diarrhea and ARI among slum children. Results: The prevalence diarrhea and ARI is about 8% and 8.5%, respectively. Age, birth weight, access to safe water and improved toilet and region emerge as main factors affecting prevalence of diarrhea among slum children. Safe drinking water reduces the likelihood of getting diarrhea by about 19% compared to unsafe water [CI=0.563-1.151].Children with normal birth are about 51% less likely to suffer from diarrhea compared to those with unknown birth weight [CI=0. 368-0.814]. Older children are about 63% less likely to suffer from diarrhea [CI=0. 274-0.502]. Children from Southern cities are about half as likely to have diarrhea as children from slums in Northern cities. ARI is associated with age, birth weight, religion, caste, education, family type, safe water, improved toilet, mass-media exposure, region and separate kitchen. Older children and children with normal birth weight are less likely to suffer from ARI. Children from 'Other' religions and OBC are 39% [CI=1.000- The growth of urban slums is often considered a reflection of the urbanization of poverty and misery [Jorgenson and Rice 2012]. Slum populations often suffer multiple deprivations such as inadequate water supply, poor environmental sanitation, poor air quality and lack of waste disposal system, inadequate housing causing overcrowding and poor ventilation, overburdened healthcare services and public transport systems, and erratic electricity supply [UNHABITAT 2006]. Together these deprivations pose a significant threat to the health and well-being of people, especially of children, living in slums [Barlett 2003;Kundu and Kanitkar 2002;Karn et al. 2003]. For instance, higher under-5 mortality in slums compared to non-slum urban areas is mainly attributed to poor living conditions and hazardous environment prevalent in slums [Günther and Harttgen, 2012;Moore et al. 2003;Vaid et al. 2007]. Thus, slums may prove to be an important entry point in the effort to achieve Millennium Development Goals-4 (MDG-4) in cities [UNHABITAT 2006].However, the achievement of targets such as MDG-4 and recently announced GAPPD (Global Action Plan for Pneumonia an...

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“…It also showed an occurrence of 7.5 episodes of ARI/child year and another interesting finding was that 98% of the ARIs were actually URTIs. 19 Several 'small scale' community based studies over the years have reported that poor socio-economic factors; low level of literacy, suboptimal breast feeding malnutrition, unsatisfactory level of immunization coverage, cooking fuel used other than liquefied petroleum gas as risk factors contributing to increased burden of ARI among children. [20][21][22] Identification of severe respiratory infections by health care workers from rural area, wide access to antibiotics and its administration by health care workers was seen as successful model by Gadchiroli project management of childhood illness by holistic approach of Integrated management of neonatal and childhood illnesses (IMNCI).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinico-epidemiological profile of acute respiratory infections and malnutrition in urban and rural population of central India

Jawade

Sukhsohale

Jawade

et al. 2016

Int J Contemp Pediatr

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Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) and Malnutrition in children have tremendous burden on the health care sector of developing nations including India. The intensity with which these conditions are holding grip in the community is indeed a matter of concern and hence developing nations should develop an insight to assess the severity of it has become a necessity.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in children aged 0-14 years. Children were clinically assessed and diagnosis was made as URTI or LRTI Also anthropometry was performed and accordingly children were divided into categories of no malnutrition (NM), severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in ‘under 5’ years age children according to WHO guidelines, whereas children aged ‘above 5’ years were categorized as per the IAP guidelines.Results: It was observed that most of the mothers of children were illiterate with inadequate or absent ventilation and use of biomass fuels (chulha) for cooking purpose in households of rural children. The proportion of malnutrition was found to be equal in Under 5 children. In ‘above 5 years’ age study subjects, 52.4% of urban study subjects were normal as compared to 16.7% of rural study subjects.Conclusions: Our study implies that ARI and Malnutrition definitely is more prevalent in the pediatric population. Prevalence of URTI was found to be on a higher side in the rural population and LRTI prevalence was found to be higher in the urban population. Similarly, the prevalence of malnutrition was almost similar in ‘Under 5’ aged children, whereas the prevalence of malnutrition in ‘Above 5’ aged children was higher in the rural population than urban population.

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Burden of childhood diseases and malnutrition in a semi-urban slum in southern India

Cited by 63 publications

References 36 publications

Risk Factors for Cryptosporidiosis Among Children in a Semi Urban Slum in Southern India: A Nested Case-Control Study

Risk Factors for Cryptosporidiosis Among Children in a Semi Urban Slum in Southern India: A Nested Case-Control Study

Diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections among under-five children in slums: Evidence from India

Clinico-epidemiological profile of acute respiratory infections and malnutrition in urban and rural population of central India

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