Bullying at School: Basic Facts and Effects of a School Based Intervention Program

Bullying in schoolchildren – its relationship to dental appearance and psychosocial implications: an update for GDPs

“…9,10,22 Subtle variations exist: males are more likely to endure direct forms of aggression such as physical attacks, but in contrast females are exposed to more indirect types such as spreading rumours, gossiping and isolation. 3,10,15 The prevalence of indirect aggression is possibly underestimated due to the failure of both individuals and teachers to recognise it as a form of bullying. 6,7 The most common form of direct aggression is verbal abuse comprising of name-calling.…”

“…Long-term bullies tend to develop both social and behavioural problems including psychiatric symptoms and involvement in crime and alcohol abuse. 3,27 …”

“…Longitudinal investigation of children who were seriously bullied at age 11 revealed the persistence of low self-esteem and depression as young adults. 3 …”

“…33 In the early 1990s the Olweus antibullying programme was developed in Bergen, Norway. 3 It is based on the assumption that peer victimisation is a specific behaviour aimed at gaining particular social outcomes such as dominance or status among peers. This behaviour is reinforced by inactive bystanders, that is, peer groups and the lack of deterrent from adults and peers.…”

“…2 Bullying has been defined as 'a specific form of aggressive behaviour' 3 and can be described as a situation when a student 'is exposed repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more students'. 3 Negative actions can be classified as direct or indirect forms of aggression that cause harm to the victim. 4 The definition of bullying has been reported to vary according to the age of the child, 5 between teachers and adolescents 6,7 and due to variations Bullying in school-aged children is a global phenomenon.…”