Bulb development in garlic – a review

Khokhar, K. M.

doi:10.1080/14620316.2022.2150326

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…In order to prevent sprouting during storage and ensure quick germination and development after planting, storage conditions with a temperature range of around 12–14 °C and a relative humidity of 55% are used [ 15 ]. Since storing garlic bulbs at temperatures close to 5 °C for lengthy periods of time increases the danger of sprouting, or even a storage temperature of roughly 10 °C [ 16 ], garlic cultivars intended for spring planting have been effectively preserved at 0 °C or −3 °C, even though some varieties can be susceptible to such low temperatures [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Preharvest Diseases in Garlic and Their Eco-Friendly Management Strategies

Anum,

Tong,

Cheng

2024

Plants

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Background: garlic reproduces mainly through clove planting, as sexual reproduction via seeds is uncommon. Growers encounter challenges with pathogens due to the larger size and vegetative nature of seed cloves, as well as the storage conditions conducive to fungal growth. Some Phyto-pathogenic fungi, previously unrecognized as garlic infections, can remain latent within bulb tissues long after harvest. Although outwardly healthy, these infected bulbs may develop rot under specific conditions. Aim of review: planting diseased seed cloves can contaminate field soil, with some fungal and bacterial infections persisting for extended periods. The substantial size of seed cloves makes complete eradication of deeply ingrained infections difficult, despite the use of systemic fungicides during the preplanting and postharvest phases. Additionally, viruses, resistant to fungicides, persist in vegetative material. They are prevalent in much of the garlic used for planting, and their host vectors are difficult to eliminate. To address these challenges, tissue-culture techniques are increasingly employed to produce disease-free planting stock. Key scientific concepts of the review: garlic faces a concealed spectrum of diseases that pose a global challenge, encompassing fungal threats like Fusarium’s vascular wilt and Alternaria’s moldy rot, bacterial blights, and the elusive garlic yellow stripe virus. The struggle to eliminate deeply ingrained infections is exacerbated by the substantial size of seed cloves. Moreover, viruses persist in garlic seeds, spreading through carrier vectors, and remain unaffected by fungicides. This review emphasizes eco-friendly strategies to address these challenges, focusing on preventive measures, biocontrol agents, and plant extracts. Tissue-culture techniques emerge as a promising solution for generating disease-free garlic planting material. The review advocates for ongoing research to ensure sustainable garlic cultivation, recognizing the imperative of safeguarding this culinary staple from an array of fungal and viral threats.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Preharvest Diseases in Garlic and Their Eco-Friendly Management Strategies

Anum,

Tong,

Cheng

2024

Plants

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“…Among the main factors reported to stimulate garlic secondary growth are changes in photoperiod [4,5], susceptible/sensitive cultivars, temperature, vernalization periods [2,6], high doses of nitrogen fertilization [7][8][9], time of irrigation, water stress [10,11], and gibberellin levels [12,13]. According to Burba, 1983, the vernalization of bulbils stimulates the accumulation of cytokinins and gibberellins, modifying the hormonal balance and causing precocious germination of the bulbil [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Growth Regulator from the Essential Oil of Syzygium aromaticum L. for Inhibition of Secondary Growth of Garlic Cultivated under Tropical Conditions

Nasser,

Macedo,

Pinto

et al. 2024

AgriEngineering

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Garlic cultivation in tropical regions, such as the Brazilian Cerrado, faces the problem of secondary growth in the field induced by climatic conditions, which affects bulb quality and value. Clove essential oil (CEO) contains high levels of eugenol, which has the potential as an eco-friendly plant growth retardant (PGR) capable of reducing or inhibiting the secondary growth of bulbs in garlic cultivation. In this study, field experiments were carried out in two consecutive years (winter 2021 and 2022), spraying garlic plants with different concentrations of emulsion of CEO (0.0, 0.2, and 0.4%) in the differentiation phase; for comparison, the effects of water deficit, a prevalent agricultural technique in the region, were also evaluated. At a dose of 0.4%, the CEO reduced the prevalence of secondary growth and split bulbs without affecting yield. The mode of action of PGR was investigated by analyzing photosynthetic, enzymatic, and metabolomic parameters. The plants reduced amylolytic activity, and the photosynthetic parameters, after 7 days, were restored in both treatments. The analysis of the metabolomic profile of garlic leaves revealed changes in the pathways associated with the biosynthesis of fatty acids, wax, cutin, and suberin in plants treated with CEO, indicating possible damage to the surface coating of the leaf.

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“…As one of the most important vegetables, garlic can not only be used in foods but also can be used for medicinal applications [1]. Garlic is sensitive to moisture stress, especially during bulb development [2]. 'Ledu purple skin garlic' is a featured variety in the Qinghai province and is mainly cultivated in Ledu District.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Co-Expression Analysis Reveals the Transcriptome Changes and Hub Genes of Fructan Metabolism in Garlic under Drought Stress

Zhou,

Sun,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Plants

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Drought has become a serious environmental factor that affects the growth and yield of plants. Fructan, as an important storage compound in garlic, plays an important role in drought tolerance. Genomic changes in plants under drought stress clarify the molecular mechanism of plants’ responses to stress. Therefore, we used RNA-seq to determine the transcriptomic changes in garlic under drought stress and identified the key module related to fructan metabolism by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the garlic transcriptome under drought stress over a time course (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 d). Drought significantly induces changes in gene expression. The number of specifically expressed genes were 1430 (3 d), 399 (6 d), 313 (9 d), 351 (12 d), and 1882 (15 d), and only 114 genes responded at each time point. The number of upregulated DEGs was higher than the number of downregulated DEGs. Gene ontology and a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that garlic was more likely to cause changes in carbohydrate metabolism pathways under drought stress. Fructan content measurements showed that drought stress significantly induced fructan accumulation in garlic. To determine whether there were modules involved in the transcriptional regulation of fructan content in garlic, we further analyzed the genes related to fructan metabolism using WGCNA. They were enriched in two modules, with F-box protein and GADPH as hub genes, which are involved in garlic fructan metabolism in response to drought stress. These results provide important insights for the future research and cultivation of drought-tolerant garlic varieties.

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Bulb development in garlic – a review

Cited by 11 publications

References 66 publications

Different Preharvest Diseases in Garlic and Their Eco-Friendly Management Strategies

Different Preharvest Diseases in Garlic and Their Eco-Friendly Management Strategies

Plant Growth Regulator from the Essential Oil of Syzygium aromaticum L. for Inhibition of Secondary Growth of Garlic Cultivated under Tropical Conditions

Gene Co-Expression Analysis Reveals the Transcriptome Changes and Hub Genes of Fructan Metabolism in Garlic under Drought Stress

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