Built environment and early infection of COVID-19 in urban districts: A case study of Huangzhou

Li, Bo; You, Peng; He, He; Wang, Mingshu; Feng, Tao

doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102685

Cited by 108 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Eleven out of 13 studies (84.6%) reported positive associations. One plausible explanation is that people who lived in neighbourhoods with more commercial destinations and services are more likely to use these facilities [ 21 , 59 , 60 ], therefore their risk of exposure to the virus increased [ 30 , 38 ]. Besides, in some recreation and service facilities, such as restaurants, hotels, and bars, people tend to take off their masks to talk, drink, and dine [ 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors argued that patients can be scattered when there are more hospitals in one area, which may reduce the risk of transmission. Four studies found no significant relationship between hospital density and COVID-19 incidence [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Overall, the inconsistent evidence from these studies indicated that the effect of hospital density on COVID-19 is confounded by other factors, such as the health conditions of residents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… No. References Country Study Design Geographical Unit Sample Size ( n ) COVID-19 Metrics Built Environment Metrics Data Analysis Results 1 Li, Peng [ 30 ] China Cross-sectional 1000 m buffer of COVID-19 cluster 639 Cluster size 1. Building density 2.…”

Section: Table A1mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Associations between Built Environment Characteristics and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Risk

Wang

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has stimulated intensive research interest in its transmission pathways and infection factors, e.g., socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, climatology, baseline health conditions or pre-existing diseases, and government policies. Meanwhile, some empirical studies suggested that built environment attributes may be associated with the transmission mechanism and infection risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, no review has been conducted to explore the effect of built environment characteristics on the infection risk. This research gap prevents government officials and urban planners from creating effective urban design guidelines to contain SARS-CoV-2 infections and face future pandemic challenges. This review summarizes evidence from 25 empirical studies and provides an overview of the effect of built environment on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk. Virus infection risk was positively associated with the density of commercial facilities, roads, and schools and with public transit accessibility, whereas it was negatively associated with the availability of green spaces. This review recommends several directions for future studies, namely using longitudinal research design and individual-level data, considering multilevel factors and extending to diversified geographic areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Associations between Built Environment Characteristics and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Risk

Wang

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“… 1 Only few papers to date examined spatial heterogeneity in COVID-19 spread and mortality ( Sannigrahi, Pilla, Basu, Basu, & Molter, 2020 ; Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2021 ; Mansour et al, 2021 ). Using spatial models, Li et al 2021 and Mansour et al, 2021 focused on the sociodemographic determinants of COVID-19 spread/infection in China and Oman, respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Treating two pandemics for the price of one: Chronic and infectious disease impacts of the built and natural environment

Frank

Wali²

2021

Sustainable Cities and Society

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Compact walkable environments with greenspace support physical activity and reduce the risk for depression and several obesity-related chronic diseases, including diabetes and heart disease. Recent evidence confirms that these chronic diseases increase the severity of COVID-19 infection and mortality risk. Conversely, denser transit supportive environments may increase risk of exposure to COVID-19 suggesting the potential for contrasting chronic versus infectious disease impacts of community design. A handful of recent studies have examined links between density and COVID-19 mortality rates reporting conflicting results. Population density has been used as a surrogate of urban form to capture the degree of walkability and public transit versus private vehicle travel demand. The current study employs a broader range of built environment features (density, design, and destination accessibility) and assesses how chronic disease mediates the relationship between built and natural environment and COVID-19 mortality. Negative and significant relationships are observed between built and natural environment features and COVID-19 mortality when accounting for the mediating effect of chronic disease. Findings underscore the importance of chronic disease when assessing relationships between COVID-19 mortality and community design. Based on a rigorous simulation-assisted random parameter path analysis framework, we further find that the relationships between COVID-19 mortality, obesity, and key correlates exhibit significant heterogeneity. Ignoring this heterogeneity in highly aggregate spatial data can lead to incorrect conclusions with regards to the relationship between built environment and COVID-19 transmission. Results presented here suggest that creating walkable environments with greenspace is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease and/or COVID-19 infection and mortality.

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“…Al mismo tiempo, en la literatura internacional de los últimos seis meses es posible observar la relación entre el contagio por COVID-19 y diferentes condiciones urbanas y socioeconómicas, también desde una perspectiva caracterizada fuertemente por la desigualdad. Entre éstas, se pueden mencionar: características demográficas de edad, origen étnico u ocupación para el caso de Estados Unidos (Andersen et al, 2021), la infraestructura de transporte en el distrito urbano de Huangzhon, cercano a Wuhan (Li et al, 2021), la geometría urbana y la ocupación en Hong Kong (Kwok et al, 2021); las condiciones de vivienda y acceso a servicios sanitarios en India (Das et al, 2021); el porcentaje de viviendas bajo condiciones de hacinamiento y la tasa de mortalidad infantil, para las capitales regionales de Brasil (Dayrell et al, 2020) y la densidad poblacional para el caso específico de São Paulo (Nakada & Urban, 2020); también el hacinamiento (y no la densidad), junto con el tamaño de las viviendas para la ciudad de Nueva York (Hamidi & Hamidi, 2021); la población mayor de 65 años y finalmente, (en este caso sí) la densidad urbana en Omán (Mansour et al, 2021…”

Section: 1unclassified

COVID-19 y ciudad: hacia un modelo integrado de vivienda, microbiología, ambiente y urbanismo

Encinas¹,

Soto-Liebe²,

Núñez³

et al. 2021

ACE: Architecture, City and Environment

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A partir de mayo de 2020, la crisis sanitaria global causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 traslada su epicentro hacia Latinoamérica, con foco en ciudades que presentan altos índices de pobreza, segregación y hacinamiento. Los avances en microbiología posibilitan comprender en profundidad las relaciones entre ciudad, COVID-19 y otros microorganismos, pero falta establecer un marco conceptual que las articule, especialmente en contextos donde las determinantes sociales son tan relevantes. Este artículo tiene como objetivo el proponer una aproximación integrada de microbiología, vivienda, ambiente y urbanismo, a partir de un modelo de interacciones y un análisis empírico para Santiago de Chile. En base a esto, se pudo analizar cómo el proceso de propagación en la ciudad se ve potenciada por vulnerabilidades de índole socio espacial, sanitaria intradomiciliaria y urbana, más una aproximación desde el concepto de pobreza energética. Al mismo tiempo, se pudo comprobar como las variables asociadas a estas vulnerabilidades permitían explicar la tasa de incidencia de casos confirmados por cada 100 000 habitantes a través de las distintas comunas en el área metropolitana de Santiago de Chile. Dentro de éstas, destacan el nivel de hacinamiento de las viviendas, la cantidad de hogares con jefes/as de hogar en trabajo precario y los viajes hacia el distrito central de negocios de la ciudad. Finalmente, se establece la necesidad de proponer una agenda de investigación para este nuevo equipo multidisciplinario de “Microbioma Urbano” en relación con la necesidad de realización de muestreos microbiológicos que permitan mejorar las condiciones de viviendas, barrios y ciudades, aportando en la superación de las vulnerabilidades identificadas en este estudio. A partir de maig de 2020, la crisi sanitària global causada pel virus SARS-CoV-2 trasllada el seu epicentre cap a Llatinoamèrica, amb focus en ciutats que presenten alts índexs de pobresa, segregació i amuntegament. Els avenços en microbiologia permeten entendre en profunditat les relacions entre ciutat, COVID-19 i altres microorganismes, però cal establir un marc conceptual que les articuli, especialment en contextos on les determinants socials són tan rellevants. Aquest article té com a objectiu el proposar una aproximació integrada de microbiologia, habitatge, ambient i urbanisme, a partir d'un model d'interaccions i una anàlisi empírica per a Santiago de Xile. En base a això, es va poder analitzar com el procés de propagació a la ciutat es veu potenciada per vulnerabilitats d'índole soci espacial, sanitària intra-domiciliaria i urbana, més una aproximació des del concepte de pobresa energètica. Al mateix temps, es va poder comprovar com les variables associades a aquestes vulnerabilitats permetien explicar la taxa d'incidència de casos confirmats per cada 100 000 habitants a través de les diferents comunes a l'àrea metropolitana de Santiago de Xile. Dins d'aquestes, destaquen el nivell d'amuntegament dels habitatges, la quantitat de llars amb caps de la llar en treball precari i els viatges cap al districte central de negocis de la ciutat. Finalment, s'estableix la necessitat de proposar una agenda de recerca per a aquest nou equip multidisciplinari de "Microbioma Urbà" en relació amb la necessitat de realització de mostrejos microbiològiques que permetin millorar les condicions d'habitatges, barris i ciutats, aportant en la superació de les vulnerabilitats identificades en aquest estudi. As of May 2020, the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus moves its epicentre to Latin America, with cities showing high rates of poverty, segregation, and overcrowding. Current advances in microbiology make it possible to understand in depth the relationships between cities, COVID-19, and other microorganisms, but a conceptual framework to articulate them is lacking, especially in contexts where social determinants are so relevant. This article proposes an integrated approach to microbiology, housing, environment, and urbanism, based on a model of interactions and an empirical analysis applied to Santiago de Chile. It was possible to analyse how the propagation of COVID-19 in the city is enhanced by vulnerabilities of socio-spatial, residential and urban health, including an approach from the concept of energy poverty. At the same time, it was possible to verify how the variables associated with these vulnerabilities allowed to explain the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants through the different communes of Santiago de Chile. Among these, the level of housing overcrowding, the number of households with heads of household in precarious employment, and travel to the central business district stand out. Finally, the need for microbiological sampling to improve housing conditions, neighbourhoods, and cities propose a new research agenda for this Urban Microbiome" multidisciplinary team, contributing to overcoming the vulnerabilities identified in this research.

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Built environment and early infection of COVID-19 in urban districts: A case study of Huangzhou

Cited by 108 publications

References 63 publications

Review of Associations between Built Environment Characteristics and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Risk

Review of Associations between Built Environment Characteristics and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Risk

Treating two pandemics for the price of one: Chronic and infectious disease impacts of the built and natural environment

COVID-19 y ciudad: hacia un modelo integrado de vivienda, microbiología, ambiente y urbanismo

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