The recent shift away from the idea of centrally planned public systems and toward market-based models of schooling opens new territory for scholarship in the history of education. What is the history of education markets? How has the structure of education markets changed over time? This article addresses these questions by surveying existing literature, with an emphasis on the early national and antebellum periods. In the process it brings new perspectives to standard narratives of the history of education in the nineteenth century, particularly regarding the development of state-based educational systems. It then proposes areas for future research and concludes by introducing two examples of new work in this field.The concept of "education markets" clearly resonates with recent trends in schooling. For the last 25 years, market-based ideas of school funding and organization have shaped education policies throughout the English-speaking world and, through the leverage of international lending institutions, in other nations as well. These policies represent a range of market models, from lim-