Building the Positive Emotion-Resilience-Coping Efficacy Model for COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

The world faces unprecedented challenges because of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Existing theories of human flourishing and coping efficacy are too broad and general to address COVID-19 unprecedented mental health challenges. This study examined two main objectives, first the associations between psychological outcomes (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) and psychological wellbeing of this phenomenon, and second, moderating and mediating factors emotions, resilience and coping self-efficacy. A nationwide survey was carried out on a Malaysian sample (n = 920). Participants completed an on-line survey that assessed psychological outcomes, psychological wellbeing, positive–negative emotions, resilience, and coping self-efficacy. The relationship between psychological states and psychological wellbeing was successfully mediated by coping self-efficacy (direct effects of −0.31 to −0.46 at p < 0.01) and resilience (direct effects of −0.06 to −0.26 at p < 0.01). Moreover, positive emotion significantly moderated depression (b = −0.02, p < 0.01) and anxiety (b = −0.14, p = 0.05) with psychological wellbeing. Findings highlighted the importance of these factors in developing a dedicated model to be built into the recovery plan to ameliorate the negative impact of COVID-19 on psychological wellbeing. Hence, the Positive Emotion-Resilience-Coping Efficacy Model was developed.

Psychological Wellbeing and Employability of Retrenched Workforce During COVID-19: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Mitigations for Post Pandemic Recovery Phase

“…Second, mental health practitioners are encouraged to apply a purposeful designed "Positive Emotion-Resilience-Self Efficacy (PERCE) Model" in their professional practices as a postpandemic recovery approach (9). Research on positive emotion evidenced the association to improve reactions to aversive stimuli and promote resilience (83).…”

“…In Malaysia, the unemployment rate had shot up from 3.9 to 5% in April 2020, peaking at 5.3% in May 2020 (7). Among retrenched Malaysians, a large proportion reported experiencing severe depression, anxiety, and stress (8,9). Recent reports have predicted deterioration in mental health as a secondary crisis following health worries and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic (10).…”

Experience of nature and times of silence as a resource to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic and their effects on psychological wellbeing—Findings from a continuous cross-sectional survey in Germany

“…How stressors were perceived and which effects these may have on subjective wellbeing can differ, depending on the individual situation, personality, and coping strategies of the affected people. Coping self-efficacy and resilience as resources were identified to mediate the effect of psychological stressors such depression, anxiety, and stress on psychological wellbeing ( 17 ) and thus should be integrated in pandemic-related recovery strategies. Resilience as an ability to adapt to adverse situations is a factor that relates to how one is able to cope with stress and its negative effects ( 18 ).…”

Positive and negative mood states mediated the effects of psychological resilience on emotional stability among high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…Psychological resilience, which refers to an individual's ability to cope with various challenges and to flexibly overcome external pressures, may develop with personal growth and change (Ai and Hu, 2016 ). Resilience has become widely studied in psychology as an individual coping resource to resist external pressure (Ke et al, 2022 ). A study on Arab youth found that the COVID-19 worry negatively predicts psychological resilience and brings them more mental health disorders (Yildirim et al, 2021 ).…”