Building stone evaluation—A case study of the sub-Himalayas, Muzaffarabad region, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

Mustafa, Sohail; Khan, Muhammad Arshad; Khan, Muhammad Rustam; Sousa, Luís; Hameed, Fazal; Mughal, Muhammad Saleem; Niaz, Abrar

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.05.007

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…5). These interpretations are in accordance with the findings of Onodera and Asoka Kumara, (1980), Krynine andJudd, (2005), Bell, (2007), Lindqvist et al (2007) and Mustafa et al, (2016). Relatively low water absorption and porosity of agglomerate can be explained due to its abundant fine matrix, less recrystallization and alteration (Fig.…”

Section: Effects Of Petrographic Features On Physico-mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The northern Pakistan is potential site of various small and large scale engineering structures including dams and associated tunneling. Hence, the physico-mechanical properties of rocks from different regions in north Pakistan are investigated in certain intervals including Din et al, (1993), Din and Rafiq (1997), Arif et al, (1999Arif et al, ( , 2013Arif et al, ( , 2015, Sajid et al, (2009Sajid et al, ( , 2016, Sajid and Arif (2015), Mustafa et al, (2015Mustafa et al, ( , 2016 and Wazir et al, (2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Textural Implications in Assessment of Physico-Mechanical behaviour of Metavolcanic Rocks from Dir Upper, north western Pakistan

Sajid

Muhammad

Ullah

et al. 2020

IJEEG

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The Dir-Utror meta-volcanics from the south western portion of the Kohistan arc in northern Pakistan areanalyzed in term of their petrography, physico-mechanical properties. Field observations and petrography show thecollected representative samples to be fine-grained meta-andesites (FMA), coarse-grained meta-andesites (CMA) andagglomerate (AG). The relationship between petrography and physico-mechanical properties has been investigatedwhich inferred the grain size to be the major factor, alongside grains’ shape, arrangement and size distribution as wellas degree of mineral alteration significantly affecting the mechanical behavior of rocks. The CMA yield more strength(98 MPa) than FMA (93 MPa) due to its lesser degree of mineral alteration, inequigranular texture, lack of preferredmineral alignment, relatively low porosity and water absorption. The lower strength of agglomerate (57 MPa)corresponds to abundance of soft minerals (calcite), exotic rock fragments and coarse-grained texture. Based onphysico-mechanical properties including specific gravity, bulk density, aggregate impact value, Los Angeles abrasionvalue and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), these rocks fall within permissible range to be utilized for multipleengineering purposes including dimension stones and foundation materials for other civil structures. However,petrographic investigations reveal excessive amount of reactive silica in these rocks making them prone to alkali-silicareactivity in concrete works with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Hence these rocks are not recommended for use assole aggregate material or low-alkali cement is recommended, if used.

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Section: Effects Of Petrographic Features On Physico-mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Textural Implications in Assessment of Physico-Mechanical behaviour of Metavolcanic Rocks from Dir Upper, north western Pakistan

Sajid

Muhammad

Ullah

et al. 2020

IJEEG

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“…The interaction of fractures formed during the compressional testing with mineral grains and mineral boundaries revealed predominant intra-granular fracturing due to alteration of minerals in troctolites (Rigopoulos et al, 2013). The relationship between different mechanical properties including strength (both uniaxial and tensile), specific gravity, degree of polishing and ultrasonic velocity of dolomites, sandstone and limestone and their respective petrographic features has been described by Mustafa et al (2016). They describe the negative effect of deleterious components (e.g.…”

Section: Textural Description Of Rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrographic features as an effective indicator for the variation in strength of granites

Sajid

Coggan

Arif

et al. 2016

Engineering Geology

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The important textural features include average grain size of rock, grain boundary recrystallization, maximum grain size of major rock forming minerals, mean grain size of cleaved minerals, mineral exsolution and variation of grain size within a rock. The petrographic observations, however, are more effective to describe the strength variation of granites having analogous weathering grade as change in degree of weathering has a dominant effect on rock mechanics.

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“…Among these rock units, the sandstone unit is massive and competent under a highly stressed environment. This is the strongest unit of the Murree Formation, and the bedding thickness varies from a few meters to 50 m. This rock unit has a mean uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of 90 MPa during laboratory testing [19]; subsequent testing after the extreme rockburst produced very high UCS values, in the range of 130-170 MPa [13]. This massive and strong rock stores more energy due to its high stiffness as compared to other rock units in the area.…”

Section: Neelum Jhelum Hydroelectric Project (Njhep) Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static and Dynamic Influence of the Shear Zone on Rockburst Occurrence in the Headrace Tunnel of the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project, Pakistan

et al. 2019

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Rockburst is an unstable failure of a rock mass which is influenced by many factors. During deep excavations, the presence of nearby geological structures such as minor faults, joints, and shear zones increases the likelihood of rockburst occurrence. A shear zone has been observed in the headrace tunnel in the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project, Pakistan, which has played an important role in major rockburst events in the project’s history. A rockburst is a seismic event that involves the release of a great amount of energy as the dynamic wave radiated from the seismic source reaches the excavation boundary. In this paper, the FLAC 2D explicit numerical code has been used to simulate the dynamic phenomenon of rockburst near the shear zone in a headrace tunnel. The behavior of the rock mass around the tunnel has been studied under both static and dynamic loading. According to modeling results, rockburst significantly affected the upper left quadrant of the tunnel similar to the actual failure profile with a depth of approximately 5 m. The dynamic impact of rockburst has also affected the loading conditions of the support system in the adjacent tunnel. This study elucidates one of the most important rockburst controlling factors through numerical analysis and recommends yielding support measures that can withstand the dynamic impacts of rockburst in deep, hard rock tunnels.

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Building stone evaluation—A case study of the sub-Himalayas, Muzaffarabad region, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

Cited by 30 publications

References 44 publications

Textural Implications in Assessment of Physico-Mechanical behaviour of Metavolcanic Rocks from Dir Upper, north western Pakistan

Textural Implications in Assessment of Physico-Mechanical behaviour of Metavolcanic Rocks from Dir Upper, north western Pakistan

Petrographic features as an effective indicator for the variation in strength of granites

Static and Dynamic Influence of the Shear Zone on Rockburst Occurrence in the Headrace Tunnel of the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project, Pakistan

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