Foreword by Professor Richard Fitton, Professor William Swan and Oliver FarrellThis PhD thesis is the work of Joe Pemberton, who was working in a collaboration between the University of Salford and Farrat Isolevel. Unfortunately, on the 17th of April 2023 Joe passed away unexpectedly. He was very near the completion of his PhD, with his viva already arranged. The supervisory team, Professor Richard Fitton and Professor Will Swan, compiled the latest version of Joe's PhD, which was submitted to the external examiners. This version is entirely Joe's work, as such there are a few small gaps. However, Joe had undertaken a considerable amount of work to an exceptionally high standard, which the examiners identified as deserving of a posthumous award.Richard, Will and Oliver Farrell, CEO of Farrat Isolevel, are proud of the work Joe undertook with us and are pleased that we have had the opportunity to publish this thesis on Joe's behalf If you have any queries regarding Joe's work, please contact