Building materials as intrinsic sources of sulphate: A hidden face of salt weathering of historical monuments investigated through multi-isotope tracing (B, O, S)

Kloppmann, Wolfram; Bromblet, P.; Vallet, Jean‐Marc; Vergès‐Belmin, Véronique; Rolland, Olivier; Guerrot, Catherine; Gosselin, Christophe

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.008

Cited by 46 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Sulphur isotopes of airborne sulphur are usually much more depleted compared with the δ 34 S values found for concrete damage in Tunnels 1 and 2 [58]. Thus, the impact of SO 2 due to air pollution on sulphate attack on concrete assumed by various studies is not valid for concrete alteration in the present tunnel buildings [33,59,60]. Moreover, the amount of SO 2 may be not sufficient for the observed intensive thaumasite formation.…”

Section: Hasel* Limestonesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Concrete under sulphate attack: an isotope study on sulphur sources

Mittermayr

Bauer

Klammer

et al. 2012

Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies

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The formation of secondary sulphate minerals such as thaumasite, ettringite and gypsum is a process causing severe damage to concrete constructions. A major key to understand the complex reactions, involving concrete deterioration is to decipher the cause of its appearance, including the sources of the involved elements. In the present study, sulphate attack on the concrete of two Austrian tunnels is investigated. The distribution of stable sulphur isotopes is successfully applied to decipher the source(s) of sulphur in the deteriorating sulphate-bearing minerals. Interestingly, δ(34)S values of sulphate in local groundwater and in the deteriorating minerals are mostly in the range from+14 to+27 ‰. These δ(34)S values match the isotope patterns of regional Permian and Triassic marine evaporites. Soot relicts from steam- and diesel-driven trains found in one of the tunnels show δ(34)S values from-3 to+5 ‰, and are therefore assumed to be of minor importance for sulphate attack on the concretes. In areas of pyrite-containing sedimentary rocks, the δ(34)S values of sulphate from damaged concrete range between-1 and+11 ‰. The latter range reflects the impact of sulphide oxidation on local groundwater sulphate.

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Section: Hasel* Limestonesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Concrete under sulphate attack: an isotope study on sulphur sources

Mittermayr

Bauer

Klammer

et al. 2012

Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies

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“…Thus, studies on the stable isotopes in building materials have strong potential use as tracers of the damage caused by pollutants. In environmental studies, H, C, N O and S isotopes are commonest ones, but there have been also some new studies using B, especially to evaluate the contribution of marine sources (Kloppmann et al 2011).…”

Section: Isotopic Tracers (Stable Isotopes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Decay effects of pollutants on stony materials in the built environment

Sanjurjo-Sánchez

Alves

2011

Environ Chem Lett

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This review discuss the effects that pollutants have on stony materials applied on the built environment, illustrating different macroscopical products (pathologies) that can affect historical and modern architectural works. The impact of the decay processes is related to the susceptibility of the materials, environmental conditions and the kind of pollutants that degrade building materials. Here are reviewed the main decay processes resulting from the actions of gases, particulate matter and solutions (from wet deposition to capillary rising and including circulating waters such as run-off), showing that besides atmospheric pollution, also pollutants rising from the ground can cause important deterioration on building materials. Following, the use of tracers is considered for the study of pollutant sources and migration, including neoformation minerals (that might also constitute markers of environmental conditions) and chemical tracers, giving special attention to isotopic tracers, namely to proposals regarding the use of some stable and radioactive isotopes for the study of pollutants that have strong potential but have not been tested yet are also presented. At the end of this chapter, some final considerations are made on the problem of durability assessment of materials in the built environment and also on the use of tracers to assess the origin of damaging compounds in the built environment.

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“…All the results and data collected during studies on Chambord castle point to the hypothesis of past air pollution as the origin of gypsum in the stone of the castle. It would be possible to identify the exact provenance of gypsum by analysing the sulphur isotope, as described in the work by Vallet et al (2006) and Kloppmann et al (2011).…”

Section: Hypothesis Concerning Origin Of Gypsummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different sources of gypsum can be considered to explain the systematic presence of gypsum in stones that have been subjected to spalling: atmospheric pollution due to industry and transportation (vehicle emissions), natural sources (oceanic and volcanic activity), biological colonisation due to the production of sulphur by biological organisms (Saiz-Jimenez 1997;Warscheid and Braams 2000) and, finally, the mortars and plasters used in construction are sometimes held responsible for gypsum formation (Rolland 1999;Kloppmann et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gypsum and spalling decay mechanism of tuffeau limestone

et al. 2015

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The general form of degradation of tuffeau is the progressive spalling of the surface of the stone. Over time, thick plates (1-to 3-cm thick) form gradually on the surface of the stone. Once the plate drops, the resulting stone surface turns into powder. At the Castle of Chambord, mineralogical analysis of the degraded stone, throughout its depth, shows the presence of gypsum (CaSO 4 Á2H 2 O) located mainly within a crack network parallel to the surface. The objective of this research is to study different hypotheses of gypsum formation to improve the understanding of the damaging process of spalling. Fresh stones were subjected to artificial ageing in the laboratory through imbibition/drying tests, to study the resulting distribution of gypsum as a function of several parameters: the source of gypsum, initial stone cracking, drying conditions, and analysis after different measurement sequences. Tested samples were analysed at different stages of ageing by using X-ray diffraction and ion chromatography to localise and quantify the amount of gypsum throughout the depth. Results indicate that gaseous SO 2 can lead to a distribution of gypsum very similar to that observed in stones subjected to spalling in situ at the Castle of Chambord.

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Building materials as intrinsic sources of sulphate: A hidden face of salt weathering of historical monuments investigated through multi-isotope tracing (B, O, S)

Cited by 46 publications

References 60 publications

Concrete under sulphate attack: an isotope study on sulphur sources

Concrete under sulphate attack: an isotope study on sulphur sources

Decay effects of pollutants on stony materials in the built environment

Gypsum and spalling decay mechanism of tuffeau limestone

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