Building Listening Theory: The Validation of the Conversational Listening Span

The Relative Effectiveness of Active Listening in Initial Interactions

“…For example, listening impacts uncertainty reduction and information management via comprehension and retention of a speaker's message (Janusik, 2007). Additionally, effective listeners generally project more positive impressions than ineffective listeners (e.g., Drollinger, Comer, & Warrington, 2006;Haas & Arnold, 1995) and are perceived to be more trustworthy (Ramsey & Sohi, 1997), friendly (Bodie et al, 2012), understanding (Cahn & Frey, 1989), and socially attractive (Weger, Bell, & Emmett, 2010;Young & Cates, 2010).…”

The Active-Empathic Listening Scale (AELS): Conceptualization and Evidence of Validity Within the Interpersonal Domain

“…Within these varying definitions, however, is a common acknowledgment of at least two aspects of listening-namely, the behavioral and the cognitive (Witkin & Tochim, 1997); that is, listening is typically conceived of as a cognitive process involving steps such as sensing, processing, and responding but also as a perceived behavior (Janusik, 2007). Like the generic term listening, AEL can also be conceptualized in terms of cognitions and behaviors (L. T. Thomas & Levine, 1994).…”

“…Within the processing stage, AEL is engaged when the listener remembers comments produced by his or her interlocutor, asks for clarification of points when appropriate, and integrates different parts of the speaker's talk into a working whole. It is within this stage that conversational listening capacity (Janusik, 2005(Janusik, , 2007 and the ability to engage in appropriate schematic processing seem important (Fitch-Hauser, 1984, 1990. Finally, AEL during the response stage is characterized by asking questions or paraphrasing, as well as using nonverbal signals such as head nods and backchannel responding that indicate active attention (Wolvin & Coakley, 1996;Yngve, 1970).…”

Intrapersonal Communication and Listening Goals: An Examination of Attributes and Functions of Imagined Interactions and Active-Empathic Listening Behaviors

“…Recently, however, both theoretical statements about (e.g., Burleson, 2011) and empirical investigations into (e.g., Imhof, 2001;Janusik, 2007;Janusik & Keaton, 2011) relations among social cognitive processes and listening provide newfound hope of King's (2008) call for integration between these bodies of literature. In his words, ''social cognition research can provide the conceptual depth lacking in the field of listening, and listening can provide the real-world contexts sorely needed in social cognitive research'' (p. 2720).…”