Building immune tolerance through DNA vaccination

Parks, Robin J.; Gussoni, Emanuela

doi:10.1073/pnas.1813461115

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As noted previously, nucleic acids are available for transcription until degradation, and while DNA vaccine plasmids are designed to be non-replicating [ 30 ], plasmids can be transcribed multiple times and can remain at the site for months after delivery [ 41 ]. This has purposeful application in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune disorders by intended, tolerizing DNA vaccines [ 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 ]. However, after DNA vaccines deliver nucleic acid to cells, the lifespan of the DNA vaccine is finite but dependent on numerous factors [ 215 ].…”

Section: Limitations/concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Vaccines: Their Formulations, Engineering and Delivery

Kozak,

2024

Vaccines

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The concept of DNA vaccination was introduced in the early 1990s. Since then, advancements in the augmentation of the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines have brought this technology to the market, especially in veterinary medicine, to prevent many diseases. Along with the successful COVID mRNA vaccines, the first DNA vaccine for human use, the Indian ZyCovD vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, was approved in 2021. In the current review, we first give an overview of the DNA vaccine focusing on the science, including adjuvants and delivery methods. We then cover some of the emerging science in the field of DNA vaccines, notably efforts to optimize delivery systems, better engineer delivery apparatuses, identify optimal delivery sites, personalize cancer immunotherapy through DNA vaccination, enhance adjuvant science through gene adjuvants, enhance off-target and heritable immunity through epigenetic modification, and predict epitopes with bioinformatic approaches. We also discuss the major limitations of DNA vaccines and we aim to address many theoretical concerns.

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Section: Limitations/concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Vaccines: Their Formulations, Engineering and Delivery

Kozak,

2024

Vaccines

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“…DNA vaccines are also known as naked vaccines, so named because they do not require any chemical vectors [74] . After the DNA vaccine is introduced into the host, it is taken up by cells (tissue cells, dendritic cells, or other antigen-presenting cells), and the antigen protein is expressed by using the protein synthesis system of the cells, which stimulates the host to produce cellular and humoral immunity through a series of cascading processes [75,76] . Compared with traditional inactivated vaccine, DNA vaccine has the following advantages: (1) enhanced immune protection; (2) sequence design can be used to modify antigen determinants or prepare polyvalent vaccines; and (3) producing a safe and durable immune response that does not require multiple immunizations.…”

Section: Immune Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results show that the vaccine triggered long-term antiviral immune responses include cellular and humoral immunity, suggesting that exosome-based mRNA formulations represent a previously untapped platform for combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recently, Allele Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical [75] announced that they have designed an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line carrying genes encoding multiple SARS-COV-2 antigen. This iPSC line can release large amounts of EVs that carry viral mRNA and proteins.…”

Section: Nucleic Acid-functionalized Extracellular Vesicles Used In I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleic acid functionalized extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic systems for nanomedicine

Liu¹,

He²,

Cen³

et al. 2022

EVCNA

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as natural carriers, are regarded as a new star in nanomedicine due to their excellent biocompatibility, fascinating physicochemical properties, and unique biological regulatory functions. However, there are still some challenges to using natural EVs, including poor targeting ability and the clearance from circulation, which may limit their further development and clinical use. Nucleic acid has the functions of programmability, targeting, gene therapy, and immune regulation. Owing to the engineering design and modification by integrating functional nucleic acid, EVs offer excellent performances as a therapeutic system in vivo. This review briefly introduces the function and mechanism of nucleic acid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Then, the strategies of nucleic acid-functionalized EVs are summarized and the latest progress of nucleic acid-functionalized EVs in nanomedicine is highlighted. Finally, the challenges and prospects of nucleic acid-functionalized EVs as a promising diagnostic system are proposed.

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“…These therapeutic vaccines stem from the realization that in addition to eliciting new immune responses in naïve individuals, vaccines are capable of enhancing pre-existing immunity and modulate its type to better tackle the targeted disease (e.g., systemic vs. mucosal; Th1 vs. Th2) [3,4]. Antigen specific immunization has the potential Vaccines 2021, 9, 535 2 of 44 to alter not only the course of acute and chronic infectious illness, but autoimmunity, graft rejection, and cancer [5][6][7]. However, in contrast to the success of prophylactic vaccines against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) in preventing liver and cervical cancer, most of the clinically tested cancer therapeutic vaccines have shown at best a modest efficacy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Cancer Vaccines—Challenges, Achievements, and Future Directions

et al. 2021

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The development of cancer vaccines has been intensively pursued over the past 50 years with modest success. However, recent advancements in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology have renewed interest in these immunotherapies and allowed the development of promising cancer vaccine candidates. Numerous clinical trials testing the response evoked by tumour antigens, differing in origin and nature, have shed light on the desirable target characteristics capable of inducing strong tumour-specific non-toxic responses with increased potential to bring clinical benefit to patients. Novel delivery methods, ranging from a patient’s autologous dendritic cells to liposome nanoparticles, have exponentially increased the abundance and exposure of the antigenic payloads. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumours evade the immune response has led to new approaches to reverse these roadblocks and to re-invigorate previously suppressed anti-tumour surveillance. The use of new drugs in combination with antigen-based therapies is highly targeted and may represent the future of cancer vaccines. In this review, we address the main antigens and delivery methods used to develop cancer vaccines, their clinical outcomes, and the new directions that the vaccine immunotherapy field is taking.

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Building immune tolerance through DNA vaccination

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

DNA Vaccines: Their Formulations, Engineering and Delivery

DNA Vaccines: Their Formulations, Engineering and Delivery

Nucleic acid functionalized extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic systems for nanomedicine

Evolution of Cancer Vaccines—Challenges, Achievements, and Future Directions

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