Building demand response and control methods for smart grids: A review

Abstract

Demand response (DR) provides a solution to the grid imbalance problems which restrict the use of renewable energy. Since buildings possess high amount of flexible load, they could contribute to smart grid stability and achieve cost savings for buildings and the other participants in the smart grid. However, the research and application of building DR are still at the beginning stage. Majority of the existing DR studies are from the view point of the grid side, rather than the demand side. This paper therefore provides an overview on the studies on building DR from the view point of buildings at the demand side. It mainly consists of two parts: (1) an overview of different types of DR programs, and the status of the DR programs in several countries and regions; (2) a review on the control methods for DR in commercial and residential buildings. This review intends to support the further development of DR methods for future smart grid applications and their implementation in buildings.

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“…This is different from previous research published in 1992 that showed that some geysers consume approximately 45% of the total electricity used in homes (Meyer et al, 1992). However, a 2016 study in Norway showed that newer geysers consume 10% of household electricity consumption (Shan et al, 2016). The lower percentage power usage by the geysers may be attributed to the fact that the geysers are well isolated and that the total power used would be higher than a home that does not have an aquaponics system, that consumed one fifth of the total power.…”

On the assessment and control optimisation of demand response programs in residential buildings

“…Table 1 provides an overview on the DR program classification based on the type of economic scheme adopted [9,24,25,34]. This classification reflects also the type of behavioural approach followed by the end-user, which can be either passive or active:…”

“…In residential buildings, DR events can activate the response of di↵erent equipment, lasting from 1 minute to 2 hours, to provide a response to the triggering signal within di↵erent time resolutions. Di↵erent residential systems can be exploited for activating DR programs [34]:…”

A Demand Response Implementation with Building Energy Management System

“…The demand response (DR) program is a set of time-dependent activities from electric grid operators that provide control strategies when the electric grid is near its capacity, especially during peak demand hours [1][2][3][4][5]. There are many countries that aim to deploy the DR policy to cope with the avoided cost of new power plant investment.…”