Building architecture of TiO2 nanocrystals embedded in amorphous WO3 films with improved electrochromic properties

Physical Simulation Model of WO3 Electrochromic Films Based on Continuous Electron-Transfer Kinetics and Experimental Verification

“…Tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) electrochromic devices can be switchable in color when a small current is applied, which is applied in the energy conservation field. Their application value has been recognized initially with commercialization. , In the aspect of the WO 3 electrochromic principle, a widely accepted view is that the small metal ions and electrons are injected into the electrochromic layer together by voltage bias, causing the change of element valences. − A classic reaction process can be described by the following equations , where M + represents H + , Li + , Na + , Al 3+ , and so forth. According to this principle, the electrochromic process can be divided into two aspects: (i) electrochemical process and (ii) chemical diffusion process, which reveal that the electrochromic performance could be improved by increasing the reaction rate and ion diffusion coefficient. , However, there is still a challenge in quantitative prediction experiments based on the above principle.…”

“…1,2 In the aspect of the WO 3 electrochromic principle, a widely accepted view is that the small metal ions and electrons are injected into the electrochromic layer together by voltage bias, causing the change of element valences. 3−6 A classic reaction process can be described by the following equations 7,8 x x coloring (cathodic process): M WO e M WO where M + represents H + , Li + , Na + , Al 3+ , and so forth.…”

Density‐modulated multilayered homo‐junction tungsten oxide anode materials for high‐capacity Li‐ion batteries with long‐term stability

“…As shown in Figure S5A, no obvious diffraction peaks were observed in the asgrown film, suggesting the amorphous nature of the WO x film. 35 To confirm the chemical state, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of the 4L density-modulated WO x film were measured as shown in Figure S5B,C. In the W 4f spectrum, two peaks located at 35.5 and 37.5 eV with an energy difference of $2 eV are detected, indicating the presence of the W 6+ oxidation state in the WO x film (Figure S5B).…”

“…X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed to investigate the structural property of the 4L density‐modulated WO x film. As shown in Figure S5A, no obvious diffraction peaks were observed in the as‐grown film, suggesting the amorphous nature of the WO x film 35 . To confirm the chemical state, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of the 4L density‐modulated WO x film were measured as shown in Figure S5B,C.…”

Fabrication of Tungsten Oxide/Graphene Quantum Dot (WO3@GQD) Thin Films on Indium Tin Oxide-Based Glass and Flexible Substrates for the Construction of Electrochromic Devices for Smart Window Applications

“…Smart windows are composed of electrochromic devices (ECDs), which can significantly maintain the indoor temperature by blocking heat . ECDs can be used in a variety of optoelectronic applications, such as smart windows, optical, reflective, and informative displays, and anti-glare automobile rear-view mirrors. − Basically, ECDs operate based on the phenomenon of electrochromism, in which optical properties (absorbance or transmittance) of the materials can be significantly changed at an applied potential . ECDs consist of four different components (namely, transparent conductive oxide substrates, electrochromic layers, redox electrolytes, and counter electrodes) that are assembled in a sandwich-like architecture .…”