Building America Performance Analysis Procedures for Existing Homes

Hendron, Robert

doi:10.2172/883018

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Eleftheriadis and Hamdy [67] have shown that it is a significant factor to take into account in the energy performance assessment of buildings. They use degradation factors (F) for different maintenance schedules from Hendron [68] to express the efficiency decay over time, t, in order to evaluate the actual efficiency of the installed heating stock in the U.S. This rule of thumb is adapted with a Weibull function in the assessment here (Equation (15), see Supplementary Materials Section S3.3.4 for Weibull parameters α, β and τ, as well as degradation factors, F).…”

Section: Efficiency Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Lifespan of Circular Products: A Generic Dynamic Programming Approach for Energy-Using Products

Hummen,

Hellweg,

Roshandel

2023

Energies

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Slowing down replacement cycles to reduce resource depletion and prevent waste generation is a promising path toward a circular economy (CE). However, an obligation to longevity only sometimes makes sense. It could sometimes even backfire if one focuses exclusively on material resource efficiency measures of the production phase and neglects implications on the use phase. The (environmental) lifespan of circular products should, therefore, be optimized, not maximized, considering all life cycle phases. In this paper, a generic method for determining the optimal environmental lifespan (OEL) of energy-using products (EuPs) in a CE is developed, allowing the simultaneous inclusion of various replacement options and lifetime extension processes, like re-manufacturing, in the assessment. A dynamic programming approach is used to minimize the cumulative environmental impact or costs over a specific time horizon, which allows considering an unordered sequence of replacement decisions with various sets of products. The method further accounts for technology improvement as well as efficiency degradation due to usage and a dynamic energy supply over the use phase. To illustrate the application, the OEL of gas heating appliances in Germany is calculated considering newly evolved products and re-manufactured products as replacement options. The case-study results show that with an average heat demand of a dwelling in Germany, the OEL is just 7 years for climate change impacts and 11 years for the aggregated environmental indicator, ReCiPeendpoint(total). If efficiency degradation during use is considered, the OEL for both environmental impact assessment methods even lowers to 1 year. Products are frequently replaced with re-manufactured products to completely restore efficiency at low investment cost, resulting in higher savings potential. This not only implies that an early replacement before the product breaks down is recommended but also that it is essential to maintain the system and, thus, to prevent potential efficiency degradation. The results for cost optimization, as well as currently observed lifespans, vary considerably from this.

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Section: Efficiency Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Lifespan of Circular Products: A Generic Dynamic Programming Approach for Energy-Using Products

Hummen,

Hellweg,

Roshandel

2023

Energies

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“…Similar degradation factors that take maintenance quality into account are applied by the national renewable energy laboratory (NREL) of the US department of energy to equations predicting performance decline over time. These equations can be of either linear [16] or exponential [17] nature. Indeed, there are many causes of performance decline associated with inadequate maintenance, especially for heat pumps and chillers.…”

Section: Review Of Building Performance Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the examined heat pump and boiler, it was decided that the exponential degradation model presented in [17] is the most suitable for predicting future performance, since the frequency of faults and failures in mechanical components is low during the first years of operation and sharply increases during the last ones. The exponential equation applied is the following:…”

Section: Consideration Of Performance Degradation In Bemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Insulation and HVAC Degradation on Overall Building Energy Performance: A Case Study

Eleftheriadis

Hamdy

2018

Buildings

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Through monitoring of buildings, it can be proven that the performance of envelope elements and energy supply systems deteriorates with time. The results of this degradation are higher energy consumption and life cycle costs than projected in the building design phase. This paper considers the impacts of this deterioration on the whole building energy performance with the goal of improving the accuracy of long term performance calculations. To achieve that, simplified degradation equations found in literature are applied on selected envelope elements and heating system components of a single-family house in Germany. The energy performance of the building over 20 years is determined through simulations by EnergyPlus and MATLAB. The simulation results show that, depending on maintenance and primary heating system, the building can consume between 18.4% and 47.1% more primary energy over 20 years compared to a scenario in which no degradation were to occur. Thus, it can be concluded that considering performance drop with time is key in order to improve the decision-making process when designing future-proof buildings.

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“…This adjusted preretrofit energy consumption was used to generate energy reductions and percentage reductions for these projects. All source energy values were calculated in accordance with the Building America Performance Analysis Procedures for Existing Homes, (Hendron 2006) using national site-to-source conversion factors of 3.16 for electricity and 1.02 for natural gas. CO 2 e emissions were calculated using the net-site gas and electrical consumptions, and applying current PG&E conversion factors of 0.399 pounds per kWh for natural gas and 0.575 pounds per kWh for electricity (PG&E 2012).…”

Section: Project Descriptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Energy Retrofit Performance Metric Comparison: Eight California Case Studies

Walker¹,

Fisher²,

Less³

2014

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In this paper we will present the results of monitored annual energy use data from eight residential Deep Energy Retrofit (DER) case studies using a variety of performance metrics. For each home, the details of the retrofits were analyzed, diagnostic tests to characterize the home were performed and the homes were monitored for total and individual end-use energy consumption for approximately one year. Annual performance in site and source energy, as well as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) emissions were determined on a per house, per person and per square foot basis to examine the sensitivity to these different metrics. All eight DERs showed consistent success in achieving substantial site energy and CO 2 e reductions, but some projects achieved very little, if any source energy reduction. This problem emerged in those homes that switched from natural gas to electricity for heating and hot water, resulting in energy consumption dominated by electricity use. This demonstrates the crucial importance of selecting an appropriate metric to be used in guiding retrofit decisions. Also, due to the dynamic nature of DERs, with changes in occupancy, size, layout, and comfort, several performance metrics might be necessary to understand a project's success.

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Building America Performance Analysis Procedures for Existing Homes

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Optimizing Lifespan of Circular Products: A Generic Dynamic Programming Approach for Energy-Using Products

Optimizing Lifespan of Circular Products: A Generic Dynamic Programming Approach for Energy-Using Products

The Impact of Insulation and HVAC Degradation on Overall Building Energy Performance: A Case Study

Deep Energy Retrofit Performance Metric Comparison: Eight California Case Studies

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