Building a Beneficial Microbiome from Birth

Castanys-Muñoz, Esther; Martín, María Jesús Sánchez; Vázquez, Enrique

doi:10.3945/an.115.010694

Cited by 75 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 74 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…There is a critical period of microbiome development in early life, during which negative alterations to the gut flora can have a lasting impact later in life. Therefore, the establishment of an advantageous microbiome from birth may promote proper development of the infant (Castanys-Munoz, Martin, & Vazquez, 2016;Munyaka, Khafipour, & Ghia, 2014). Research indicates that there is vertical transmission of microbiota from mother to infant.…”

Section: Infant Gut Microbiome and Oxytocinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Welch

Ludwig

2017

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The biological functions of oxytocin in attachment and bonding between mother and infant in parturition and breastfeeding and between adults have been studied extensively. However, most current authors have proposed that infant attachment to the mother is learned through operant conditioning mechanisms via the infant's brain and central nervous system. We propose that oxytocin levels in the mother and infant are co-regulated by emotional connection or disconnection, and that the autonomic co-conditioning learning mechanism can be exploited to change a negative physiological and behavioral response between mother and infant into a positive one. Lack of efficacy and scalability of child development therapies that have come out of the attachment theoretical framework have prompted calls for new ideas. Here, we review calming cycle theory, which takes a new view of the emotional relationship of mother and infant, and predicts ways to positively intervene when problems arise. The theory builds upon the research and ideas of Pavlov and his followers and proposes that subcortical Pavlovian co-conditioning of the autonomic nervous systems of mother and infant is the key to maintaining emotional connection between the two and to shaping emotional behavior of the infant into adulthood. We review evidence in support of calming cycle theory from a randomized controlled trial of Family Nurture Intervention (FNI), which is designed to overcome adverse emotional, behavioral, and developmental outcomes in prematurely born infants. Finally, we discuss the role of visceral oxytocin and emotional behavior, and that the conditional motherinfant relationship may affect behavioral changes through anti-inflammatory gut-brain stem vagal signaling.

show abstract

Section: Infant Gut Microbiome and Oxytocinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Welch

Ludwig

2017

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In essence, the GI tract refines its absorptive, nervous, and immune functions through a process of sampling, analyzing, responding to, and signaling the body about the contents of swallowed material, including nutrients, allergens, microbes, and a variety of chemicals. An entire secondary digestive system is established through bacterial colonization, a process that leads to a stable, protective symbiosis by the age of 2 years [6,7] . Colonization patterns differ between breastfed and formula-fed babies, vaginal and C-section babies, term and preterm babies.…”

Section: A Singular Need For Diet Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Savoring Sweet: Sugars in Infant and Toddler Feeding

Murray

2017

Ann Nutr Metab

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During the first years of life, the sweetness of sugars has a capacity to hinder or to help in laying a strong nutritional foundation for food preferences that often extend over a lifetime. Aside from supplying 4 g/kcal of energy, sugars are non-nutritive. However, sugars have a powerful attribute, sweetness, which strongly influences human food preference. A child's first relationship with sweet taste begins even before birth and continues to evolve throughout complementary feeding. The sweetness of breastmilk encourages consumption and soothes the neonate. Conversely, inappropriate introduction of non-milk solids and beverages that are sweet at 0-4 months of age raises the newborn's risk for later obesity and may discourage the acceptance of other bitter or sour foods. Although cereals, fruits, 100% fruit juices, and some grains have naturally occurring sugars that impart sweet flavor notes, there is no clear role for added sugars between 6 and 12 months of age. Yet, 60% of infants are introduced to foods and beverages containing added sugars, threatening diet quality. Pairing foods with naturally occurring sugars, such as fruits, with foods that tend to be resisted initially, such as vegetables, can mask bitterness and promote acceptance. Utilizing the infants' extraordinary capacity for sensory-motor exploration is another strategy to expose them repeatedly to challenging tastes and flavors. The transitional year, as breast milk and infant formula are withdrawn, is a time when nutritional needs are high and diet quality often precarious. Rapid growth, along with brain and cognitive development, demand high-quality nutrition. Snacks are necessary both for energy and valuable nutrients. However, the selection of snack foods often exposes toddlers to items that offer concentrated energy with low nutrient value. Recent trends suggest a rapid fall in added sugars among infants and toddlers. Parenting practices that use small amounts of sugars to promote nutrient-rich foods from all 5 food groups can enhance rather than hinder their child's emerging dietary pattern.

show abstract

“…The intestinal commensal microbiome interacts with the host through different processes, including nutrients absorption, villi morphology, intestinal pH, and mucosal immunity [36, 37]. In the current study, antibiotic reduced the colonization of all bacteria, while AMP significantly enhanced the beneficial bacterial populations (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Effects of cLFchimera, a recombinant antimicrobial peptide, on intestinal morphology, microbiota, and gene expression of immune cells and tight junctions in broiler chickens challenged withC. perfringens

Daneshmand

Kermanshahi

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

24The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of cLFchimera, a recombinant 25 antimicrobial peptide (AMP), on various productive performance and gut health attributes of 26 broilers experimentally challenged with Clostridium perfringens (Cp). Three hundred and sixty 1-27 day-old chickens were randomly allocated to 4 treatments of 6 replicates as follows: T1) 28 unchallenged group fed with corn-soybean meal (CSM) without Cp challenge and additives; T2) 29 challenge group fed with CSM and challenged with Cp without any additives; T3) peptide group 30 challenged with NE supplemented with 20 mg cLF36/kg diet (AMP); T4) antibiotic group 31 challenged with NE and supplemented with 45 mg antibiotic (bacitracin methylene disalicylate)/kg 32 diet (antibiotic). Birds had free access to feed and water, sampling for villi morphology and ileal 33 microbiota were performed on days 10 and 22, while jejunal section was sampled for gene 34 expression of cytokines, tight junctions proteins, and mucin only on day 22. Results showed that 35 AMP ameliorated NE-related lesion in the jejunum and ileum and reduced mortality in challenged 36 birds compared to challenge group with Cp without any additives. Also, supplementing challenged 37 birds with AMP improved growth performance and reconstructed villi morphology. While 38 antibiotic non-selectively reduced the count of bacteria, AMP positively restored ileal microflora 39 in favor of good bacteria (i.e. Bifidobacteria spp. and Lactobacillus spp.). AMP beneficially 40 regulated the expression of cytokines, junctional proteins, and mucin in the jejunum of challenged 41 birds with Cp. Since cLFchimera ameliorated NE lesion score, reduced mortality, improved 42 productive performance and gut health attributes in chickens compared to challenged group and 43 also were mostly similar with those of antibiotics and therefore, it could be concluded that this 44 chimeric peptide can be a worthy candidate to substitute growth promoter antibiotics, while more 45 research is required to unveil the exact mode of action of this synthetic peptide. 46 47 Author summary 48 Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a detrimental enteric disease in the poultry industry worldwide. The 49 etiological factor of this disease is Clostridium perfringens, which is gram-positive anaerobic 50 bacterium. This bacterium is common inhabitant of the intestine in lower counts (105), but it 51 becomes pathogenic in higher counts and can secrete NetB toxin, which is the main cause of 52 inducing NE in broilers. Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, new generation of 53 antimicrobial additives such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been introduced to the poultry 54 industry. AMPs are small molecules with 12-50 amino acids having antibacterial activity. 55 Recently, we extracted new AMP from camel milk, expressed in E. coli, refined and lyophilized 56 to produce purified peptides. The current study investigated the effects of this peptide on 57 prevention of NE in broilers. Results showed th...

show abstract

Building a Beneficial Microbiome from Birth

Cited by 75 publications

References 74 publications

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Savoring Sweet: Sugars in Infant and Toddler Feeding

Effects of cLFchimera, a recombinant antimicrobial peptide, on intestinal morphology, microbiota, and gene expression of immune cells and tight junctions in broiler chickens challenged withC. perfringens

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About