Building 3D Torus Using Low-Profile Expansion Cards

Andújar, Francisco J.; Villar, Juan A.; Sánchez, José Luis; Alfaro, Francisco J.; Duato, J.

doi:10.1109/tc.2013.155

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In order to determine the optimal configuration for the nDT torus, as was shown in the previous study for the specific case of 3DT torus [7], it is necessary to consider the routing algorithm and the traffic pattern. In this study, we consider the routing algorithm DOR (Dimension Order Routing) [1] and an uniform traffic pattern.…”

Section: The Ndt Torusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar study can be performed to even values of k. The routing has been considered at node level, not at processing element level [7]. This study has been performed following these four steps:…”

Section: The Ndt Torusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If several cards joined are used they can be shorter and technologically older, and so also cheaper. We showed how to build 3D tori by using two 4-port cards per node and found the optimal port configuration [7]. We called this topology 3D Twin torus or just 3DT torus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, IBM's Blue Gene/Q [8] uses a five dimensional torus network, while Fujitsu's K-Computer [4] and PRIMEHPC FX10 use a proprietary six dimensional torus interconnect called Tofu [9]. This interest in the torus topologies with more than three dimensions has led us to extend our previous work [7]. Thus, in this paper we define the n-dimensional Twin (nDT ) torus topology and formally obtain its optimal port configuration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Optimal Configuration for N-Dimensional Twin Torus Networks

Andújar

Villar

Sánchez

et al. 2014

2014 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications

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Torus topology is one of the most common topologies used in the current largest supercomputers. Although 3D torus is widely used, recently some supercomputers in the Top500 list have been built using networks with topologies of five or six dimensions. To obtain an nD torus, 2n ports per node are needed. These ports can be offered by a single or several cards per node. In the second case, there are multiple ways of assigning the dimension and direction of the card ports. In a previous work we proposed the 3D Twin (3DT) torus which uses two 4-port cards per node, and obtained the optimal port configuration. This paper extends and generalizes that work in order to obtain the optimal port configuration when n dimensions are considered. Thus, the nDT torus topology is presented and defined, and a detailed formal analysis leads to the optimal port configuration. Finally, performance results are included.

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Section: The Ndt Torusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Ndt Torusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Optimal Configuration for N-Dimensional Twin Torus Networks

Andújar

Villar

Sánchez

et al. 2014

2014 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications

Self Cite

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“…As an essential ingredient of interconnection networks, torus networks belong to k-ary n-cube family that consists n dimensions with k nodes in each dimension [1,2,8]. Torus networks have lots of superior architecture proprieties, such as topology regularity, high path diversity, low node degree and linear scalability cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing virtual channel utilization for deadlock-free routing in torus networks

Xiang

Wang

2015

J Supercomput

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Torus networks have been widely used by modern commercial supercomputers due to low node degree and linear scalability cost. Meanwhile, the ring in each dimension of a torus creates cyclic channel dependencies, which pose challenges to the design of deadlock-free routing and virtual channel allocation schemes. Existing virtual channel allocation schemes such as dateline employ two virtual channels to avoid deadlock in a ring. While the unbalanced utilization of virtual channels caused by these deadlock avoidance schemes brings lots of performance pathologies. This paper focuses on improving deadlock-free routing algorithms in torus by balancing virtual channel utilization. First, we propose BVCU, a novel virtual channel allocation scheme that can balance the utilization of the two virtual channels used to prevent deadlock. The technique is deadlock free and can achieve almost perfect balanced utilization. Second, we propose a balanced dimension-order routing (BDOR) to provide deadlock-free deterministic routing for n-D torus by combining BVCU with dimension-order routing. Also, a balanced fully adaptive routing (BFAR) is proposed. These routing algorithms yield higher performance than existing solutions as they achieve a proper balanced utilization of virtual channels. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed methods achieve up to 16 % throughput improvement.

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Applying search algorithms to obtain the optimal configuration of nDT torus nodes

Andújar‐Muñoz

Villar-Ortiz

Sánchez

et al. 2017

Concurrency and Computation

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SummaryAn nDT torus is a topology where each node comprises 2 identical (n+1)‐port communication cards interconnected by 1 port. By using the current switches or communication cards, this node architecture allows to build torus networks having a greater number of dimensions than networks including only 1 card per node. There are multiple ways to use the ports of the 2 cards to connect a node to other nodes on the nDT torus, and therefore, checking all the configurations is only an affordable problem for small values of n. In this paper, we use artificial intelligence and data mining techniques to obtain the optimal port configuration of all the nodes in the network. We include a performance evaluation that shows nDT torus effectively increases the performance compared with the equivalent torus in resources, with synthetic and application trace–based workloads. We also apply these techniques to 3DT and 5DT tori to confirm the increase in the number of dimensions that does not affect to performance of the nDT torus.

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Building 3D Torus Using Low-Profile Expansion Cards

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Optimal Configuration for N-Dimensional Twin Torus Networks

Optimal Configuration for N-Dimensional Twin Torus Networks

Balancing virtual channel utilization for deadlock-free routing in torus networks

Applying search algorithms to obtain the optimal configuration of nDT torus nodes

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