Buffer zone widths for honeybees from ground and aerial spraying of insecticides

Risk to Pollinators from the Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States

“…Davis and Williams (1990) extended the typical approach of calculating intrinsic toxicity levels and field application rates to consider buffer zones downwind of sprayed areas and provide an estimates of the distance at which bees would encounter an LD 50 dose from spray drift. These distances were determined using published data on spray depositions under various weather conditions for ground and aerial sprays of crops in Britain.…”

Decision‐making Scheme for the Environmental Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products

“…Several predictive models are available to estimate the extent of drift and the distances over which droplets of various sizes travel under a variety of conditions (Thompson & Ley, 1982;Riley et al, 1989). Also, there has been much investigation into the ecological effects of drift at various distances from the application, leading to identification of 'buffer zones' around spray sites, beyond which effects are acceptably low (Davis & Williams, 1990). However, much depends on local conditions and on the machinery used, as well as on the nature of the crop and the product formulation.…”

“…Des recherches ont Cgalement Ctt menkes sur les effets ecologiques de la derive des produits sur diverses distances du lieu d'application. Elles ont permis de definir des 'zones tampons' autour des sites de traitement, au-dela desquelles les effets sont accept& comme faibles (Davis & Williams, 1990). Cependant, les conditions locales, le materiel utilise, ainsi que la nature de la culture et la formulation du produit ont une grande importance.…”

The Use of Computational Intelligence for Precision Spraying of Plant Protection Products

“…Two methods are widely employed for the spraying of plant protection products in extensive areas (DAVIS; WILLIAMS, 1990;PERECIN et al, 1999;DORNELLES et al, 2011), namely (i) terrestrial and (ii) aerial . Different aspects of these have been fully investigated in the scientific literature (WANG et al, 2016;SAHA;PIPARIYA;BHADURI, 2016;GREGORIO et al, 2016;MINOV et al, 2016;JIAO et al, 2016;SALYANI;CROMWELL, 1992;GHATE;PERRY, 1994), and include the following: the efficiency of the products employed, the resulting environmental impact and the effectiveness of the equipment and techniques that are used.…”

“…In terrestrial spraying, a vehicle (usually a tractor) enters the plantation and carries out spraying in the whole of the cultivated area (GHATE;PERRY, 1994;DAVIS;WILLIAMS, 1990;SALYANI;CROMWELL, 1992). This method can only be undertaken with the aid of tracks (which may have to be created) to allow the vehicle to pass through the whole stretch of land.…”