Budowa bariery jelitowej

Abstract

The intestinal barrier consist of several layers. It is made of gut microbiota, a protective layer of mucus, intestinal epithelial cells, and the blood, lymphatic, immune and nervous systems. Mucus, which prevents the adhesion and penetration of pathogens to the intestinal wall, is also a habitat for intestinal microbiota -one of the key and most dynamic elements of the intestinal barrier. Microbiota mainly consist of anaerobic bacteria, and also aerobic bacteria, yeast and viruses. The intestinal ecosystem is constantly changing during human life, but tends to keep a balance, which is a guarantee of health. The single layer of the intestinal epithelium is a part of the physical barrier, which is mainly formed by enterocytes, which in addition to the absorption of nutrients affect the development of immunity by mediating the release of cytokines and the expression of receptors involved in the immune response. Tight junctions are located at the apical ends of the lateral membranes of intestinal epithelial cells. They are the most important elements for maintaining intestinal permeability. Anchoring junctions and communicating junctions are also connections between epithelial cells. Under the layer of epithelial cells is the lamina propria, comprising intestinal lymphatic tissue, intestinal tract, and nervous system tissue. Continuous changes in the intestinal barrier influence the health and disease balance.

Gut microbiota disorders in obesity and colorectal cancer

“…Zawiera ona substancję przeciwbakteryjne działające na bakterie patogenne oraz immunoglobuliny A. Kolejną warstwę stanowi jedna warstwa komórek nabłonkowych, która zawiera głównie enterocyty, komórki kubkowe, komórki układu odpornościowego (w tym komórki Panterha) i endokrynnego. Pomiędzy komórkami znajdują się połączenia ścisłe, którym przypisuje się główną rolę w nieszczelności jelit [39]. Jak już wcześniej wspomniano, u osób z otyłością dochodzi do dysbiozy, czego wynikiem może być zwiększony odsetek bakterii gram ujemnych.…”

The impact of selected food additives on the gastrointestinal tract in the example of nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases

“…On the other hand, the outer part of mucus is of low density and rich in immunoglobulins. It forms a habitat for mucolytic bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides fragilis [14][15][16][17][18]. Parikh et al observed that in UC, a protein with antimicrobial activity (WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain 2 -WFDC2) secreted by goblet cells causes mucus defects by reducing its expression [19].…”

Kitchen Diet vs. Industrial Diets—Impact on Intestinal Barrier Parameters among Stroke Patients

“…The intestinal barrier consists of a single layer of epithelial cells (mainly enterocytes) connected by tight junctions (TJ), which seal the intercellular space [1] Absorption in the intestinal epithelium is highly selective. Such selective absorption is an unquestionable advantage of the intestinal barrier and it is closely linked to its complex structure.…”