Abstract:We recommend a framework for the BIA, provide guidance on the acquisition and use of data, and offer a common reporting format that will promote standardization and transparency. Adherence to these good research practice principles would not necessarily supersede jurisdiction-specific BIA guidelines but may support and enhance local recommendations or serve as a starting point for payers wishing to promulgate methodology guidelines.
“…33 Budget impact was calculated on a per-member-per-month basis for an approximate 2014 U.S. population of 320 million (U.S. Census Bureau, 2014). The calculation assumed that following implementation of blanket provider coverage, there would be an influx of about 30,000 transgender persons seeking transitional care in the first 5 years (i.e., 6000/year taken as the midpoint of 3000-9000 procedures per year according to Walsham).…”
“…33 Budget impact was calculated on a per-member-per-month basis for an approximate 2014 U.S. population of 320 million (U.S. Census Bureau, 2014). The calculation assumed that following implementation of blanket provider coverage, there would be an influx of about 30,000 transgender persons seeking transitional care in the first 5 years (i.e., 6000/year taken as the midpoint of 3000-9000 procedures per year according to Walsham).…”
“…For the purpose of cost-effectiveness analysis, we discounted both future costs and health benefits at a rate of 3% annually, also according to WHO guidelines [12]. Costs and health benefits remain undiscounted for the budget impact analysis [13]. We conducted both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis to evaluate the robustness of our findings in the face of parameter uncertainty.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To provide a fiscal planner with an estimate of the total cost of programme implementation, we calculated the undiscounted cost of different rabies control programmes over the same 10 year time horizon [13]. We incorporated the costs associated with both canine vaccination campaigns and PEP delivery; after PEP or death, there are no follow-up treatment costs associated with rabies.…”
Rabies causes more than 24 000 human deaths annually in Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization recommends annual canine vaccination campaigns with at least 70% coverage to control the disease. While previous studies have considered optimal coverage of animal rabies vaccination, variation in the frequency of vaccination campaigns has not been explored. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of rabies canine vaccination campaigns at varying coverage and frequency, we parametrized a rabies virus transmission model to two districts of northwest Tanzania, Ngorongoro ( pastoral) and Serengeti (agro-pastoral). We found that optimal vaccination strategies were every 2 years, at 80% coverage in Ngorongoro and annually at 70% coverage in Serengeti. We further found that the optimality of these strategies was sensitive to the rate of rabies reintroduction from outside the district. Specifically, if a geographically coordinated campaign could reduce reintroduction, vaccination campaigns every 2 years could effectively manage rabies in both districts. Thus, coordinated campaigns may provide monetary savings in addition to public health benefits. Our results indicate that frequency and coverage of canine vaccination campaigns should be evaluated simultaneously and tailored to local canine ecology as well as to the risk of disease reintroduction from surrounding regions.
“…Due to the long-term character of the evaluation (3 years), WHOrecommended discount rate of 3% should be applied according to the ISPOR guidelines for pharmacoeconomic forecasts [28,30].…”
Section: Period After Progression Of the Diseasementioning
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.