“…In one recent report from our centre (Delhi), 18 membranes were not identified in any of the patients studied, and the commonest identifiable aetiology was pregnancy. Another Indian centre (Madras) 15 ' 16 has frequently labelled many cases as coarctation of IVC (showing hourglass constriction) which has not been reported in any other Indian, Western or Japanese studies to the best of our knowledge. These variable observations are probably due to selection bias in these studies.…”