Bud structure, position and fate generate various branching patterns along shoots of closely related Rosaceae species: a review

Abstract

Branching in temperate plants is closely linked to bud fates, either floral or vegetative. Here, we review how the fate of meristematic tissues contained in buds and their position along a shoot imprint specific branching patterns which differ among species. Through examples chosen in closely related species in different genera of the Rosaceae family, a panorama of patterns is apparent. Patterns depend on whether vegetative and floral buds are borne individually or together in mixed buds, develop as the shoot grows or after a rest period, and are located in axillary or terminal positions along the parent shoot. The resulting branching patterns are conserved among varieties in a given species but progressively change with the parent shoot length during plant ontogeny. They can also be modulated by agronomic and environmental conditions. The existence of various organizations in the topology and fate of meristematic tissues and their appendages in closely related species questions the between-species conservation of physiological and molecular mechanisms leading to bud outgrowth vs. quiescence and to floral induction vs. vegetative development.

Axillary buds are dwarfed shoots that tightly regulate GA pathway and GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanase genes during branching in hybrid aspen

“…However, the shape of a crown is developmentally plastic, and influenced by internal competition between branches as well as interactions with the environment (Tomlinson, 1983; Turnbull, 2005; Barthélémy and Caraglio, 2007; Costes et al , 2014; Costes and Gion, 2015). How the crown maintains its operational hierarchy over multiple seasons is virtually unknown.…”

“…Branches compete for resources, whereas the development of secondary, tertiary, and higher order branches exponentially enhances the complexity of a tree (Turnbull, 2005; Costes et al , 2014; Costes and Gion, 2015). Branching patterns are constrained by phyllotaxis as branches grow out of axillary meristems (AXMs) that arise in the axils of leaves.…”

A Specific Gibberellin 20-Oxidase Dictates the Flowering-Runnering Decision in Diploid Strawberry

“…Notably, vegetative reproduction can occur at the expense of fruit yield (Barrett, 2015), which depends on the number of inflorescences in the plant and on the duration of the flowering period (Costes et al, 2014). Thus, new insights into the mechanisms underlying the plant decision to produce either stolons or shoots with inflorescences are crucial for improving strawberry productivity.…”

Genetics and Genomics of Tree Architecture

“…Costes et al, 2014;Wilkie et al, 2008). At the tree level, the timing of floral induction may vary depending on the type of axis and its position (Costes et al, 2003;Costes et al, 2014), and complex patterns of synchronization versus resynchronization may be observed between shoots and branches within the tree (Durand et al, 2013;Monselise & Goldschmidt, 1982).…”

“…(see Barthélémy & Caraglio, 2007;Costes et al, 2014 for definitions) still require molecular and physiological investigations, using the knowledge acquired on annual plants as a reference. It must be also mentioned that, because dwarf mutants often have a modified branching habit (see above the apple columnar mutant case), the pathways involved in the control of AxM outgrowth could be partly common or could interact with those controlling shoot elongation (Rameau et al, 2015).…”