Bud, leaf and stem essential oil composition of Syzygium aromaticum from Madagascar, Indonesia and Zanzibar

Abstract

Syzygium aromaticum essential oil is widely used in dental care, as an antiseptic and analgesic and is effective against a large number of bacteria. The major component of clove essential oils is usually considered to be eugenol, with β-caryophyllene and eugenyl acetate, being present although in lower concentrations. A review of published results reveals a great variability in the chemical composition of clove essential oils. The purpose of this study is to compare the chemical composition of Madagascar, Indonesia and Zanzibar bud, leaf and stem essential oils. 121 commercial essential oils isolated from bud, leaf and stem were used in this work. The oils were analyzed by GC and ten constituents were identified from the whole. The major constituent of Madagascar and Indonesia bud essential oils was eugenol (72.08 -80.71% and 77.32 -82.36% respectively). Out of this constituent which was common to Madagascar and Indonesia bud essential oils, significant difference was observed with respect to eugenyl acetate (11.68 -21.32% vs 8.61 -10.55% respectively) and β-caryophyllene (2.76 -6.38% vs 5.34 -8.64% respectively). Comparing chemical composition of leaf essential oils from Madagascar with those of Indonesia, variation in the contents of main constituent, eugenol (80.87 -83.58% vs 75.04 -77.54%), β-caryophyllene (11.65 -15.02 vs 17.04 -19.53%) and eugenyl acetate (0.29 -1.45% vs 0 -0.06%) was observed. The major constituents of Madagascar, Indonesia and Zanzibar stem essential oils were eugenol (91.81 -96.65%, 88.76 -89.28% and 87.52 -89.47%, respectively) and β-caryophyllene (1. 66 -4.48%, 7.40 -7.75% and 7.19 -9.70%). For each plant material, variation in the percentage of the main constituents was observed according to the sample geographic origin.

Immunomodulatory Activities of Selected Essential Oils

“…The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory [ 48 ], antimicrobial [ 49 ], and analgesic [ 50 ] effects of eugenol have been previously documented. The oil is also composed of numerous other compounds, including eugenol acetate, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene [ 51 ]. Generally, data on the cytotoxicity of EOs and their active cytotoxic components are limited.…”

Chemical composition, in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil

“…Several studies indicate that eugenol, β-caryophyllene and eugenyl acetate are the major compounds of the essential oil of S. aromaticum with varying percentages [24,26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

“…Previous investigations have demonstrated that the chemical composition of S. aromaticum essential oil can be influenced by the condition of the environment, the genotype, the geographical origin, the period of harvest, the place of drying, the temperature and the duration of drying and the method of extraction [4,32,27].…”

Effect of Ethanol-Derived Clove Leaf Extract on the Oxidative Stress Response in Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

“…Jirovetz et al [14] reported that clove leaf essential oil comprises more than 20 chemical compounds with eugenol (76.8%), followed by β -caryophyllene (17.4%), α -humulene (2.1%), and eugenyl acetate (1.2%) as the main components. On the other hand, clove bud essential oil mainly comprises eugenol (72%) but higher concentration of eugenyl acetate (8%) yet lesser β -caryophyllene (2.8%) than the bud-derived essential oil [15]. Clove leaf extract has been reported to have a radical scavenging activity based on the DPPH assay [14].…”