Bubston structure of water and electrolyte aqueous solutions

A Study of the Structural Organization of Water and Aqueous Solutions by Means of Optical Microscopy

“…The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) gives the following standards for the ion content in distilled water (Table 1) [63]. According to the calculations made in [23] (Table 1), the density of the actual dissolved sodium and chlorine ions in water at T = 25 • C corresponds to the values of the specific resistance of the solution. For pure water, the density is in the range from 1.4 × 10 13 cm −3 to 4.5 × 10 15 cm −3 .…”

“…These ions are the main impurities of purified water. The authors [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] consider the occurrence and evolution of cavitation, avoiding nano-bubbles of dissolved gas in aqueous solutions of salts-babstons, to be the reason for the natural heterogeneity of water, found while studying the cavitation phenomena in water-an abnormal decrease in the One can observe how larger spherical associates are formed with increasing ionic strength. The structure of these associates becomes clearer after the evaporation of liquid water through the open boundaries between the cover glass and the substrate, accompanied by an increase in the ionic strength of the solution (Figure 16).…”

“…The bubbston concept of the structural heterogeneity of water and aqueous solutions has been actively developed since 1992 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Experiments on laser modulation-interference phase microscopy and on the scattering of laser radiation have revealed the presence of macroscopic particles in aqueous media cleaned of solid impurities.…”

“…Experiments on laser modulation-interference phase microscopy and on the scattering of laser radiation have revealed the presence of macroscopic particles in aqueous media cleaned of solid impurities. After degassing the solutions by passing helium through them, structural inhomogeneities were not observed [23]. The experimental data obtained for distilled water and aqueous solutions of NaCl allowed the authors to interpret these particles as clusters of air nanospheres stabilized by ions-bubbstons [29].…”

Passive Acoustic Method in Bubble Size Distribution Determination

“…Optical and photometric methods are the mostly common employed [4][5][6][7][8][9], but they are having one significant drawback; these methods are applicable only in the optically transparent media; i.e. they could not be used in measuring the air bubbles size distribution in turbid liquid media.…”