Bubbles defects distribution in sapphire bulk crystals grown by Czochralski technique

Growth and spectroscopic properties of Ti-doped sapphire single-crystal fibers

“…While on the lateral side, it can be found that the bubbles shape and density depended on the pulling rate. For the higher pulling rates (v = 0.5, 0.3 mm/min), the bubbles are always elongated, and the density is much higher than the lower ones [24,25]. We can see that the higher the pulling rate, the longer the bubble elongated, as shown in Fig.…”

LGT (La 3 Ga 5.5 Ta 0.5 O 14 ) langatate bulk crystal grown from the melt by Czochralski technique and characterization

“…1a shows the as grown LGT crystal under pure argon atmosphere gas. The geometry of the bottom (end) of the grown crystals and the tail length depend on the growing parameters program selected in the pulling software [10]. The profile of the grown boules is cylindrical with good symmetry and uniformity.…”

Scattering defect in large diameter titanium-doped sapphire crystals grown by the Kyropoulos technique

“…The sapphire melts at 2050 °C, despite its congruent behavior (no change in composition or phase transition during solidification), it is difficult to grow crystals in a stationary state of drawing. The sapphire has a very particular defect: microbubbles of gas in the form of a diameter varying from one micrometer to a few tens of micrometers [9][10] [11][12] [13]. Microbubbles degrade optical properties by decreasing transparency [9][10] [11].…”