Bubble extraction as a preconcentration step in trace elemental analysis: a preliminary study

Vallebona, G.; Banchini, G.; Borraccini, A.; Raspi, Giorgio

doi:10.1007/bf01032529

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The caffeine, D-limonene, γ-terpinene, and 3-carene (other VOCs in SI Table S6) in the lemonade bubble iced coffee that give pleasure to the senses, mind, or spirit can be released through continuous CO 2 microbubbles. 19 The urine sample can be analyzed by CO 2 bubbling extraction, and the results are shown in SI Table S7. The results demonstrate the high suitability of the bubbling extraction as an efficient pretreatment step to enhance the chemical depth and sensitivity of urine analysis.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Online Scavenging of Trace Analytes in Complex Matrices for Fast Analysis by Carbon Dioxide Bubbling Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Gao

Xia

Qin

et al. 2020

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) microbubbles can selectively enrich organic solutes from sea spray aerosols. Common bubbling extractions are normally followed by off-line separation/detection through methods such as mass spectrometry, chromatography, and spectroscopy. However, it is necessary to establish extractions with online separation and identification systems to improve efficiency and minimize sample loss. In this study, CO2 is used to form microbubbles in the sample solution, and trace analytes in the solution are transported to the gas phase by bubble bursting. Analytes at the liquid–gas interface are directly released into the trapping device, followed by thermal desorption for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the dependence of the extraction efficiency on various parameters has been analyzed. The method reported here provides high efficiency and minimizes the loss of trace volatiles with a better signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio than other gases. These features make the proposed method a rapid method to detect and quantify volatile/semivolatile analytes in complex liquid matrices. In addition to the preconcentration of organics, metal ions, and inorganic anions, a noticeable decrease of metal–organic compounds in the aqueous solution was shown for the first time. We finally propose a simple model of chemical partitioning in CO2 bubbling extraction of liquid samples for guiding online monitoring of trace analytes in real-world samples.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Online Scavenging of Trace Analytes in Complex Matrices for Fast Analysis by Carbon Dioxide Bubbling Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Gao

Xia

Qin

et al. 2020

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…However, unlike SFE, fizzy extraction is limited to liquid samples with moderate viscosity. Fizzy extraction bears some similarity to sparging methods. − Sparging extraction entails passing gas continuously through the liquid column. To ensure high extraction yields, relatively long columns and large sample volumes need to be used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, affinity of the analyte to that of the extracting gas in sparging extraction must be high. The effluent gas may need to be trapped prior to analysis . In principle, if no trap is used, the gaseous extracts can be transferred directly to the detector .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effluent gas may need to be trapped prior to analysis. 10 In principle, if no trap is used, the gaseous extracts can be transferred directly to the detector. 13 However, removing the trapping step can compromise sensitivity, considering that only a tiny amount of analyte can be extracted within the detection cycle of the detector (typically, ≪1 s in the case of most mass spectrometers).…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fizzy Extraction of Volatile and Semivolatile Compounds into the Gas Phase

Chang

Urban

2016

Anal. Chem.

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Extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds from liquid matrixes with high yields, and transferring the extracts to detectors in real time, is challenging. Common extraction procedures involve heating the samples to release the analytes to the gas phase and, in some cases, trapping the gas-phase analytes into sorbents or containers. Here, we propose a new method for fast extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds from liquid matrixes. This method involves dissolution of a carrier gas in the liquid sample by applying a moderate overpressure (∼150 kPa) and stirring the sample. An abrupt decompression of the extraction chamber leads to effervescence. In this step, many bubbles are instantly formed in the sample matrix. The dissolved carrier gas as well as dissolved volatiles are liberated into the headspace of the extraction chamber within a short period of time (few seconds). The gaseous effluent of the extraction chamber is immediately transferred to the online detector; in this case, an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The fast release of the gas-phase extract gives rise to a high signal recorded by the detector; several times higher than the signal recorded during direct infusion of headspace vapors without fizzy extraction. This feature provides the means to detect and quantify analytes present in solutions in a short period of time. Here we show that fizzy extraction is suitable for analysis of volatile/semivolatile compounds present in various samples, including those containing complex matrixes.

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“…The concept of bubble extraction (bubble fractionation) has been used for extracting dissolved gases (such as methane) in water samples [62] and for on-site enrichment of surfaceactive inorganic compounds and proteins on the solution surface [63,64]. In the current study, dissolved analytes were directly sampled from beer for mass spectrometric analysis based on bubble extraction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous sampling of volatile and non-volatile analytes in beer for fast fingerprinting by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Zhu

Gamez

et al. 2010

Anal Bioanal Chem

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By gently bubbling nitrogen gas through beer, an effervescent beverage, both volatile and non-volatile compounds can be simultaneously sampled in the form of aerosol. This allows for fast (within seconds) fingerprinting by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) in both negative and positive ion mode, without the need for any sample pre-treatment such as degassing and dilution. Trace analytes such as volatile esters (e.g., ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate), free fatty acids (e.g., caproic acid, caprylic acid, and capric acid), semi/non-volatile organic/inorganic acids (e.g., lactic acid), and various amino acids, commonly present in beer at the low parts per million or at sub-ppm levels, were detected and identified based on tandem MS data. Furthermore, the appearance of solvent cluster ions in the mass spectra gives insight into the sampling and ionization mechanisms: aerosol droplets containing semi/non-volatile substances are thought to be generated via bubble bursting at the surface of the liquid; these neutral aerosol droplets then collide with the charged primary electrospray ionization droplets, followed by analyte extraction, desolvation, ionization, and MS detection. With principal component analysis, several beer samples were successfully differentiated. Therefore, the present study successfully extends the applicability of EESI-MS to the direct analysis of complex liquid samples with high gas content.

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Bubble extraction as a preconcentration step in trace elemental analysis: a preliminary study

Cited by 8 publications

References 10 publications

Online Scavenging of Trace Analytes in Complex Matrices for Fast Analysis by Carbon Dioxide Bubbling Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Online Scavenging of Trace Analytes in Complex Matrices for Fast Analysis by Carbon Dioxide Bubbling Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Fizzy Extraction of Volatile and Semivolatile Compounds into the Gas Phase

Simultaneous sampling of volatile and non-volatile analytes in beer for fast fingerprinting by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

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