BTEX in indoor air of waterpipe cafés: Levels and factors influencing their concentrations

Hazrati, Sadegh; Rostami, Roohollah; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.031

Cited by 75 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…An important class of VOCs is the suite of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/pxylene, and o-xylene) species, which have been the focus of many toxicological studies (Fazlzadeh Davil et al, 2011; Halliday, 2016; Hazrati et al, 2016a, 2015; Marć et al, 2016; Rad et al, 2014; Sairat et al, 2015). Ideal regions to study BTEX emissions and impacts include ‘hot spots’, which are typically urban areas where ambient levels significant exceed those of surrounding remote areas (Zhu et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution

Dehghani

Fazlzadeh

Sorooshian

et al. 2018

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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177

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This study reports a spatiotemporal characterization of toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes concentrations (BTEX) in an urban hot spot in Iran, specifically at an bus terminal region in Shiraz. Sampling was carried out according to NIOSH Compendium Method 1501. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was applied for spatial mapping. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was applied to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk owing to BTEX exposure. The highest average BTEX concentrations were observed for benzene in the morning (at 7:00–9:00A.M. local time) (26.15±17.65μg/m3) and evening (at 6:00–8:00P.M. local time) (34.44±15.63μg/m3). The benzene to toluene ratios in the morning and evening were 2.02 and 3.07, respectively. The main sources of BTEX were gas stations and a municipal solid waste transfer station. The inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene in the morning and evening were 1.96×10−4 and 2.49×10−4, respectively, which exceeds the recommended value by US EPA and WHO. The hazard quotient (HQ) of all these pollutants was less than 1. The results of this work have implications for public health near ‘hot spots’ such as IKBT where large populations are exposed to carcinogenic emissions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution

Dehghani

Fazlzadeh

Sorooshian

et al. 2018

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Self Cite

177

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“…Injector temperature was set at 250°C. Oven temperature was programmed at 40°C for 10 min and then 10°C/min to 230°C (Hazrati et al 2015;NIOSH 2003;Rezazadeh Azari et al 2011).…”

Section: Sample Preparation and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These compounds are used as raw materials or solvents in various industries and released into the environment through evaporation, leaking from underground fuel tanks as a result of poor maintenance, vehicle exhaust emissions, combustion of fossil fuels, and evaporative emissions from refueling vehicles, and therefore, traffic-related sources are considered as the most important sources for indoor and outdoor ambient air pollution (Bailey and Eggleston 1993;Bauri et al 2015;Caselli et al 2010;Esteve-Turrillas et al 2007;Rad et al 2014;Singh et al 1992;Truc and Kim Oanh 2007). Sources for BTEX in indoor environments include infiltration of outdoor air pollution, smoking, paints, adhesives, and other VOC-emitting materials utilized in building interiors (Hazrati et al 2015;Singh et al 1992;WHO 2000). BTEX compounds are known as a significant cause of cancer in humans and may develop neurological disorders and symptoms such as weakness, loss of appetite, fatigue, confusion, and the nausea (Hoskins 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene concentrations in atmospheric ambient air of gasoline and CNG refueling stations

Hazrati

Rostami

Fazlzadeh

et al. 2015

Air Qual Atmos Health

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This study aimed to assess workers' exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in refueling stations of Ardabil city (Iran). Twenty-four refueling stations including 15 petrol and 9 compressed natural gas (CNG) stations from different regions were selected and monitored for ambient BTEX concentrations. Air samples were taken based on NIOSH Manual of Analytical Method no 1501. Target compounds were extracted using CS 2 and analyzed by GC equipped with FID. Average concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were obtained 2.01, 1.80, 2.72, and 1.65 mg/m 3 , respectively. Benzene concentrations exceeded the occupational exposure limit set by the Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Its concentrations were significantly higher in commercial areas (2.72 mg/m 3 ) compared to suburban areas (1.89 mg/m 3 ). BTEX concentrations in gasoline stations were slightly, but not significantly, higher than those in CNG stations. Long-term exposure cancer risk of 1884×10 −6 ±390× 10 −6 and hazard index of 22.83±3.66 were estimated for benzene and BTEX compounds, respectively. The results declare the necessity for controlling BTEX emission (mainly benzene) and monitoring employee's exposure in refueling stations.

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“…In one study, the BTEX Figure 1. Global waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence in populations aged ≥ 15 years concentrations (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) in indoor air of water pipe cafés were noticeably high, and therefore may pose important risks for human health on both short and long term exposures (14). Neither the mouthpiece nor the water of the waterpipe equipment is replaced for every new user by the provider, or the users deliberately share the same mouth piece in a single session, therefore this type of practice also leads to spread of tuberculosis, hepatitis and herpes infections (3,4).…”

Section: Waterpipe Tobacco Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%