BSSL and PLRP2: key enzymes for lipid digestion in the newborn examined using the Caco-2 cell line

Andersson, Eva-Lotta; Hernell, Olle; Bläckberg, Lars; Fält, Helen; Lindquist, Susanne

doi:10.1194/jlr.m015685

Cited by 51 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…A preduodenal lipase has also been identified in pigs (Bauer et al, 2005). PNLIPRP2 is important for newborn and milk-fed mammals (Andersson et al, 2011). Furthermore, recently, carvacrol has been shown to inhibit murin lipase (Yamada et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of free thymol on differential gene expression in gastric mucosa of the young pig

Colombo

Priori

Gandolfi

et al. 2014

Animal

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Thymol is the most common molecule in thyme and has been proposed as an oral alternative to antibiotics in the feed of pigs and broilers. The knowledge of the in vivo physiological effects of thymol on tissues is limited, particularly its impact on the gastric mucosa, where it is primarily absorbed when it is orally supplied. In this study, thymol (TH, 50 mg/ kg BW) or a placebo (CO) was introduced directly into the stomach of 8 weaned pigs that were slaughtered 12 h later and sampled for gastric oxyntic and pyloric mucosa. The analysis of whole transcript expression was performed using Affymetrix © Porcine Gene 1.1 ST array strips. Affymetrix Transcripts IDs were associated with 13 406 human gene names based on Sus scrofa Ensemble. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed, comparing TH and CO pigs. For each gene set, the normalized enrichment score (NES) was defined as significant when the false discovery rate % was <25 and the P-value of NES was <0.05. In response to TH, 72 and 19 gene sets were significantly enriched in the oxyntic and pyloric mucosa, respectively. Several gene sets involved in mitosis and its regulation ranked near the top, primarily in the oxyntic mucosa; the gene set DIGESTION ranked first and ninth in the pyloric and oxyntic mucosa, respectively. Within this group, somatostatin (SST), SST receptors, peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1) and calpain 9 (gastrointestinal tract-specific calpain) were the most strongly upregulated genes. Thymol reduced the enrichment of 120 and 59 gene sets in the oxyntic and pyloric mucosa, respectively. Several gene sets related to ion transport and channeling and aqueous pores across membranes, including short transient receptor potential (TRP) channel 4, potassium voltage-gated channel members 1 and 2, and ryanodine receptors 2 and 3, were less enriched. The downregulation of these genes sensitive to thymol in vitro could depend on the thymol dose and contact with the gastric tissues that causes an adaptive response with their reduced activation. Conversely, the activation of the TRPA1 gene (ranked 1072 and 128 among all the genes in the oxyntic and pyloric mucosa, respectively) indicates the involvement of another TRP-regulating cellular calcium storage. In conclusion, the stimulation of gastric proliferative activity and the control of digestive activity by thymol can influence positively gastric maturation and function in the weaned pigs. These properties should be considered in addition to thymol's antimicrobial properties when supplementation of this molecule in feed is evaluated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of free thymol on differential gene expression in gastric mucosa of the young pig

Colombo

Priori

Gandolfi

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…Thus, adequate digestion and absorption of dietary fats in infants is paramount. The major difference in lipid digestion and absorption between infants and adults is the lipid intake per kilogram of bodyweight, which is much higher (three to five times) in infants than adults (Andersson, Hernell, Bläckberg, Fält, and Lindquist, 2011). Also, the activity and function of digestive lipases varies between infants and adults.…”

Section: Digestion Of Lipids In Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While in adults, PTL is the principle lipolytic enzyme in the small intestine, PLRP2 and BSSL are predominant during lipid digestion in infants (Andersson et al, 2011;Lindquist & Hernell, 2010).…”

Section: Intestinal Lipolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exact activity of PLRP2 and bile salt-stimulated lipase in infants is still not clear (Andersson et al, 2011). It is believed breast-fed infants are able to digest lipids in the small intestine better than formula-fed infants because of significant activity of BSSL present in mothers' milk Formon, Ziegler, Thomas, Jensen, and Filer, 1970).…”

Section: Intestinal Lipolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, PLRP 1, 2 and BSSL are the key lipases in intestinal lipid digestion in infants (Andersson et al, 2011;Lindquist & Hernell, 2010). However, not only are gastric lipase and PLRP 2 not commercially available, the crucial information such as concentration of these enzymes in the small intestine of infants has not yet been published.…”

Section: Lipasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Digestibility and structural changes of ingredients in infant formulae during the gastrointestinal digestion

Nguyen¹

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Although mothers' milk is the ideal food for babies, infant formula has become an alternative when breastfeeding is not possible or inadequate for babies. To design a proper formula for babies, it is essential to understand the digestibility of macronutrients and their bio-accessibility in the infant gastrointestinal tract. Because in vivo gastrointestinal studies on human infants are restricted by ethical constraint, cost issues, and intensive resource, in vitro models could be a better replacement.In vitro models offer advantages with low cost, easy sampling accessibility and no ethical issues. This thesis aims to assess the digestibility of each ingredient proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in infant formulation then compare with mothers' milk. A static bench-top in vitro model for infant digestion was set up with infant gastric pH (4.0-4.5) and the activity of simulated digestive enzymes suitable for human infants with 60 minutes of gastric phase and 120 minutes of intestinal phase.Popular protein sources of caseins, whey, and soy proteins were employed in infant formulations.The in vitro digestion of these proteins in infant formulations was studied in the presence of enzyme proteases only (without lipolytic enzymes). Obtained results showed around 20% of caseins and no components of whey were hydrolysed after 60 minutes in the simulated stomach. In the simulated intestinal phase, 8% of α-lactalbumin was hydrolysed while caseins and β-lactoglobulin were completely digested immediately and 30 minutes respectively after addition of intestinal digestive proteases. Overall, soy proteins indicated lower level of hydrolysis than dairy proteins during in vitro infant digestion as observed by SDS-PAGE. The soy protein fractions glycinin and β-conglycinin were partially hydrolysed during the gastrointestinal phase. The observed pH drop confirms that caseins are easily digested in the intestinal phase compared to whey and soy protein. Gastric digestion resulted in a decrease of the particle size of protein aggregates, but no fat coalescence was observed during both gastric and intestinal digestion in the given conditions.The in vitro digestion of hydrolysed and non-hydrolysed dairy (casein and whey proteins) was studied under conditions without lipolytic enzymes. Results show hydrolysed proteins were completely digested in the small intestine while non-hydrolysed proteins (caseins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, conglycinin, glycinin) were only partially digested in the simulated gastrointestinal tract. Although observed pH-drop for non-hydrolysed protein formulations was lower, significantly higher levels of ninhydrin-reactive amino nitrogen in hydrolysed proteins suggested higher digestibility of hydrolysed proteins than their non-hydrolysed counterparts. Only formulations containing caseins showed a decrease in particle size of protein aggregates during gastric digestion. No fat globule coalescence was observed during both gastric and intestinal digestions in the given conditions. Lipid digestion of infa...

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Emulsifying triglycerides with dairy phospholipids instead of soy lecithin modulates gut lipase activity

Mathiassen

Nejrup

Frøkiær

et al. 2015

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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A high energy supply and appropriate amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids is crucial for proper growth and development in neonates. The capacity for fatty acid absorption in newborns is however hampered due to an undeveloped pancreatic function combined with a low bile output. This seems in particular to limit fatty acid absorption in babies given infant formulas. Since interaction between the lipid droplet and the gastric and duodenal lipases occur through the hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface, the composition of the emulsifier may be crucial for efficient hydrolysis. We therefore determined hydrolytic rate of gastric lipase and pancreatic lipase, on their own or pancreatic lipase after gastric lipase on TAG droplets of similar size emulsified in either soy lecithin (SL) or in bovine milk phospholipids (MPL), more similar to human milk globule membrane lipids than soy lecithin. Gastric lipase activity was substantially higher on MPL-emulsified particles, while SL emulsification caused a higher rate of pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, on particles that had not been pre-treated with gastric lipase. MPL emulsification did however cause higher pancreatic lipase activity, when the particles had been pre-treated with gastric lipase. The attenuating effect of MPL-emulsification on pancreas lipase activity was validated in vivo in mice.Practical application: Our results show that the activity of gastric lipase, a key enzyme in lipid absorption in neonates, is highly dependent on the phospholipid composition of the surface layer on the emulsion droplets. We furthermore show that increasing gastric lipase activity by modifying the phospholipid composition on the droplet surface, also enhance the subsequent activity of the pancreatic lipase acting in the duodenum. This implies that it is possible to strategically design the surface layer of lipid droplets in infant formulas to maximize gastric lipase activity, and that this could improve total fatty acid absorption in formula-fed neonates. This is of particular importance in the development of formula aimed at pre-mature babies, but is also highly relevant for formulas for term-born infants.

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BSSL and PLRP2: key enzymes for lipid digestion in the newborn examined using the Caco-2 cell line

Cited by 51 publications

References 38 publications

Effect of free thymol on differential gene expression in gastric mucosa of the young pig

Effect of free thymol on differential gene expression in gastric mucosa of the young pig

Digestibility and structural changes of ingredients in infant formulae during the gastrointestinal digestion

Emulsifying triglycerides with dairy phospholipids instead of soy lecithin modulates gut lipase activity

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