“…They are 284.1, 284.6, 286.1, 286.5, and 288.4 eV, which are attributed to CC, C–C, C–N, C–O, and CO, respectively. Thermal treatments (not higher than 180 °C) of polypeptides and proteins, for example, collagen, lysozyme, and so forth are known to induce intermolecular cross-linking between two or more molecules via carboxylic acids and amines instead of carbon–carbon double bonds. ,, The increased amount of CC on the HCA x surface is contributed by tryptophan in HHC-36. Furthermore, high-resolution spectra of N 1s spectra were resolved into two peaks at 399.8 and 401.9 eV (Figure c4), which are attributed to N–C–O and N–C in proteins, respectively.…”