Brown spider dermonecrotic toxin directly induces nephrotoxicity

Systemic toxic effects induced by the aqueous extract of the fire coral Millepora complanata and partial purification of thermostable neurotoxins with lethal effects in mice

“…The flow rate was 2.5 ml/min and the absorbance was monitored at 206 nm. (Arocha-Piñango et al, 2000;Chaim et al, 2006;Kusma et al, 2008;Leong et al, 2014).…”

Variable Substrate Preference among Phospholipase D Toxins from Sicariid Spiders

“…In the case of ␤1A1 (SMase II) from L. laeta, SMase D activity has been observed but with a 3-fold higher K m value and a reported 2-fold lower reaction rate at saturating substrate concentrations compared with ␣III1 (SMase I) from the same species (26). References for structure and activity data are as follows: IsSMase (74); LiRecDT6 (11); LiRecDT7 (14); SMase I (8,18,27,35,59,64,75); Ll2 (8); LiRecDT4 (9); LgRec1 (76); Lr1/Lb1/Lb2 (8,25); L. arizonica ␣IB2bi (15,30); Lr2 (19,25); P1/P2 (77-79); LiRecDT1 (6,7,12,13,20,60); 3RLG (61); 3RLH (28); LiRecDT2 (7); LiRecDT5 (9); Lb3 (8,25); LiRecDT3 (7,10); and SMase II (26).…”

Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Snake and Arthropod Venoms

“…Additionally, the dermonecrotic toxin was detected in kidney tissue and induced changes in renal function such as urine alkalinization, hematuria and elevation of blood urea nitrogen levels. The treatment of renal epithelial cells (MDCK) with recombinant dermonecrotic toxin also caused morphological alterations and reduced the cell viability, confirming its direct citotoxicity (Chaim et al, 2006). Both effects upon renal structures in vivo and renal cells in vitro were dependent of the phospholipase D catalytic activity, since a mutated toxin without phospholipase activity showed no nephrotoxic effect (Kusma et al, 2008).…”

“…One of these venom proteins that can bind to the kidney tissue is the dermonecrotic toxin. Chaim et al (2006), injecting the recombinant dermonecrotic toxin in mice, found glomerular edema and tubular necrosis without signs of inflammatory response. Additionally, the dermonecrotic toxin was detected in kidney tissue and induced changes in renal function such as urine alkalinization, hematuria and elevation of blood urea nitrogen levels.…”