Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans

Borga, Magnus; Virtanen, Kirsi A.; Romu, Thobias; Leinhard, Olof Dahlqvist; Persson, Anders; Nuutila, Pirjo; Enerbäck, Sven

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-411619-1.00008-2

Cited by 52 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Thermogenesis in BAT and so-called beige (brite) fat cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of excess adiposity and also provides a target for pharmacologic interventions [58, 59]. Central to the study of human BAT is an array of radiological imaging techniques that can characterize the tissue non-invasively in vivo, namely MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), and CT [60, 61]. …”

Section: Linking Metabolic Activity To Compartment Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Technologies and their Applications in Lipid Compartment Measurement

Heymsfield

Shen

et al. 2015

Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism

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Non-Communicable diseases (NCDs), including obesity, are emerging as the major health concern of the 21st century. Excess adiposity and related NCD metabolic disturbances have stimulated development of new lipid compartment measurement technologies to help us understand cellular energy exchange, to refine phenotypes, and to develop predictive markers of adverse clinical outcomes. Recent advances now allow for quantification of multiple intracellular lipid and adipose tissue compartments that can be evaluated across the human lifespan. With magnetic resonance methods leading the way, newer approaches will give molecular structural and metabolic information beyond the laboratory in real-world settings. The union between these new technologies and the growing NCD population is creating an exciting interface advancing our understanding of chronic disease mechanisms.

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Section: Linking Metabolic Activity To Compartment Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Technologies and their Applications in Lipid Compartment Measurement

Heymsfield

Shen

et al. 2015

Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism

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“…Although it has several limitations, FDG-PET/CT has become the most popular platform for investigating this unique adipose tissue and its physiological relevance to human metabolism, substrate regulation, and obesity. Despite the promise of other imaging methods (Hu and Kan, 2013; Cypess et al, 2014; Borga et al, 2014), it is evident that FDG-PET/CT will continue to have a critical role.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brown Adipose Reporting Criteria in Imaging STudies (BARCIST 1.0): Recommendations for Standardized FDG-PET/CT Experiments in Humans

et al. 2016

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Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) presence, metabolic activity and estimated mass are typically measured by imaging [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in response to cold exposure in regions of the body expected to contain BAT, using positron emission tomography combined with x-ray computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). Efforts to describe the epidemiology and biology of human BAT are hampered by diverse experimental practices, making it difficult to directly compare results among laboratories. An expert panel was assembled by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases on November 4, 2014 to discuss minimal requirements for conducting FDG-PET/CT experiments of human BAT, data analysis, and publication of results. This resulted in Brown Adipose Reporting Criteria in Imaging STudies (BARCIST 1.0). Since there are no fully-validated best practices at this time, panel recommendations are meant to enhance comparability across experiments, but not to constrain experimental design or the questions that can be asked.

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“…In 2009, three papers were published in the NEJM (Cypess et al, 2009 ; Van Marken Lichtenbelt et al, 2009 ; Virtanen et al, 2009 ) where BAT was unequivocally identified and analyzed in humans, including analysis of genes markers of BAT. During the last 5 years it has been a surge of studies on the possible function of BAT in humans and its regulation by cold, diet, obesity and drugs (Zingaretti et al, 2009 ; Vijgen et al, 2012 , 2013 ; Jespersen et al, 2013 ; Van Der Lans et al, 2013 ; Borga et al, 2014 ; Broeders et al, 2014 ; Chechi et al, 2014 ). Several possibilities have been explored as the induction of brite adipocytes in human adipocytes using BMP7 (Pisani et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose tissues and thyroid hormones

Obregón

2014

Front. Physiol.

128

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The maintenance of energy balance is regulated by complex homeostatic mechanisms, including those emanating from adipose tissue. The main function of the adipose tissue is to store the excess of metabolic energy in the form of fat. The energy stored as fat can be mobilized during periods of energy deprivation (hunger, fasting, diseases). The adipose tissue has also a homeostatic role regulating energy balance and functioning as endocrine organ that secretes substances that control body homeostasis. Two adipose tissues have been identified: white and brown adipose tissues (WAT and BAT) with different phenotype, function and regulation. WAT stores energy, while BAT dissipates energy as heat. Brown and white adipocytes have different ontogenetic origin and lineage and specific markers of WAT and BAT have been identified. “Brite” or beige adipose tissue has been identified in WAT with some properties of BAT. Thyroid hormones exert pleiotropic actions, regulating the differentiation process in many tissues including the adipose tissue. Adipogenesis gives raise to mature adipocytes and is regulated by several transcription factors (c/EBPs, PPARs) that coordinately activate specific genes, resulting in the adipocyte phenotype. T3 regulates several genes involved in lipid mobilization and storage and in thermogenesis. Both WAT and BAT are targets of thyroid hormones, which regulate genes crucial for their proper function: lipogenesis, lipolysis, thermogenesis, mitochondrial function, transcription factors, the availability of nutrients. T3 acts directly through specific TREs in the gene promoters, regulating transcription factors. The deiodinases D3, D2, and D1 regulate the availability of T3. D3 is activated during proliferation, while D2 is linked to the adipocyte differentiation program, providing T3 needed for lipogenesis and thermogenesis. We examine the differences between BAT, WAT and brite/beige adipocytes and the process that lead to activation of UCP1 in WAT and the presence of BAT in humans and its relevance.

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Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans

Cited by 52 publications

References 40 publications

Emerging Technologies and their Applications in Lipid Compartment Measurement

Emerging Technologies and their Applications in Lipid Compartment Measurement

Brown Adipose Reporting Criteria in Imaging STudies (BARCIST 1.0): Recommendations for Standardized FDG-PET/CT Experiments in Humans

Adipose tissues and thyroid hormones

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