Bronze age dating of timber from the salt-mine at Hallstatt, Austria

Grabner, Michael; Klein, Andrea; Geihofer, Daniela; Reschreiter, Hans; Barth, Fritz Eckart; Sormaz, Trivun; Wimmer, Rupert

doi:10.1016/j.dendro.2006.10.008

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, measuring 14 C on tree rings around the cosmogenic event(s) provides the opportunity to date an archaeological occurrence to a single year (Wacker et al 2014). We note also the importance of the Hallstatt period in 14 C dating (Friedrich and Henning 1997;van der Plicht 2004;Grabner et al 2007;Jacobssen et al 2017), due to its original association with LBA mine workings at Hallstatt in Austria. Therefore, if we can improve our understanding of the detailed structure of the 14 C record in this period, this also has implications for archaeological dating in this region, as well as for our understanding of solar effects on climate.…”

Section: Geomagnetic Field Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However interpreted, both these sets of data show increases and decreases occurring on the order of one solar cycle, even though the solar cycle today (e.g. ) only has an effect of a few per mil on the value of Δ 14 C. Hence, we must conclude either that the solar cycles had higher amplitude at this time (800-660 BC) or that there were other changes going on with the solar modulation, perhaps associated with the extended decline of Δ 14 C to 540 BC, which is coincident with the period of the Hallstatt 14 C period (Friedrich and Henning 1996;Grabner et al 2007). As suggested by Park et al (2017) and also noted in Miyake et al (2017b), the association of "spikes" with the onset or decline of solar minima needs further study.…”

Section: Excursion Beginning At 814-813 Bcmentioning

confidence: 99%

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More Rapid ¹⁴C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC?

et al. 2018

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ABSTRACT. Two radiocarbon ( 14 C) excursions are caused by an increase of incoming cosmic rays on a short time scale found in the Late Holocene , which are widely explained as due to extreme solar proton events (SPE). In addition, a larger event has also been reported at 5480 BC (Miyake et al. 2017a), which is attributed to a special mode of a grand solar minimum, as well as another at 660 BC (Park et al. 2017). Clearly, other events must exist, but could have different causes. In order to detect more such possible events, we have identified periods when the 14 C increase rate is rapid and large in the international radiocarbon calibration (IntCal) data (Reimer et al. 2013). In this paper, we follow on from previous studies and identify a possible excursion starting at 814-813 BC, which may be connected to the beginning of a grand solar minimum associated with the beginning of the Hallstatt period, which is characterized by relatively constant 14 C ages in the period from 800-400 BC. We compare results of annual 14 C measurements from tree rings of sequoia (California) and cedar (Japan), and compare these results to other identified excursions, as well as geomagnetic data. We note that the structure of the increase from 813 BC is similar to the increase at 5480 BC, suggesting a related origin. We also assess whether there are different kinds of events that may be observed and may be consistent with different types of solar phenomena, or other explanations.

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Section: Geomagnetic Field Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Excursion Beginning At 814-813 Bcmentioning

confidence: 99%

More Rapid ¹⁴C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC?

et al. 2018

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“…Un for tu nately, wood appears in these mines in con sid er ably smaller amounts, and its state of preser va tion is not so good as in the salt mines. Sig nif i cantly wider chro no log i cal re cord in an nual growths of trees was reg is tered in the Hallstatt salt mines (Grabner et al, 2007) and in the Kelchalm cop per mine near Kitzbühel (Pichler et al, 2009) in Aus tria. In both Aus trian mines, wooden artefacts orig i nate from the Bronze Age all the way to the historic times, and they pres ent re mains of an cient min ing works.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In stud ies of such artefacts, dendrochronological anal y sis has proved to be very use ful. In com bi na tion with the ra dio car bon method, spruce wood from the cop per mine in Tyrol was dated to 1237 BC (Pichler et al, 2009), and from the Hallstatt salt mine -to 1245 BC (Grabner et al, 2007). In both cases, it provided valu able in for ma tion on the his tory and min ing ac tiv ity in Aus tria in the Bronze Age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wieliczka Salt Mine and its history written in annual growth rings of spruce wood

Szychowska‐Kra̧piec

Dudek²

2014

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Szychowska-Kr¹piec, E., Dudek, K., 2014. Wieliczka Salt Mine and its his tory writ ten in an nual growth rings of spruce wood. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 58 (3): 617-622, doi: 10.7306/gq.1157 This pa per pres ents re sults of dendrochronological anal y sis of spruce wood from the Wieliczka Salt Mine, one of the old est mines in Po land. The wood came from the first level of the mine, from cas ings of drifts, cham bers, mineshafts, short shafts, gal ler ies and cha pels. The old est wood, rep re sent ing spruce trees cut down in the 15th cen tury, ap pears in the Wa³czyn, August and Dusz¹ca cham bers, B¹kle cham ber and PowroŸnik gal lery, as well as the cast be tween the Kaczorowski and Sroki cham bers. Youn ger wood, from the 16th and 17th cen tury, was rec og nized in the Krupiñski, Dusz¹ca, Reyna and Weszki cham bers, the Leszno and Karol gal ler ies, the Su³ów short shaft, and the Lizak cha pel. The 18th-19th cen tury wood ap pears in the Au gust, Wa³czyn, Dusz¹ca, Rex and Kloski cham bers, the Klemens gal lery, the Pi¿mowa cha pel, and the Wa³czyn short shaft. In two ex ca va tions of the Au gust and Weszki cham bers, frag ments of 20th cen tury wood were rec og nized. Wood from old mines is a valu able source of in for ma tion on his tory of the min ing ex ca va tions or tools used in the mines. It also allows ex tend ing the scope of re search of the min ing ar chae ol ogy.

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“…A broader research would certainly contribute to the mining history and the chronology of mining works in the region Lower Silesia, as it took place in the case of the studies conducted in Austria, in the salt mine in Hallstatt. Den- drochronological studies in this mine started in 1974, at first on a limited scale, like the investigations presented here, but thanks to continuing them for several consecutive years, they resulted in establishing chronologies for the spruce, larch and fir, enabling to date wooden elements from that site (Grabner et al, 2006;Hollstein, 1974;Sormaz, 1998, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendrochronological Studies of Wood from Mediaeval Mines of Polymetallic Ores in Lower Silesia (Sw Poland)

Szychowska‐Kra̧piec¹

2007

Geochronometria

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Abstract:The paper presents results of dendrochronological dating of wood encountered in abandoned mines in the eastern part of Lower Silesia. The research was carried out in gold mines in Złoty Stok, Głuchołazy, and Zlate Hory, a polymetallic-ore mine in Marcinków as well as old mines in the Sowie Mts: the Silberloch adit, an adit on the hillside of Mała Sowa, a graphite mine, and the silver and lead mine Augusta. Altogether 69 samples were taken from timbers of coniferous tree species: Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abies and Larix decidua. The oldest wood, from the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was encountered in the gold mines in Zlate Hory and Głuchołazy. In the gold mine in Złoty Stok, graphite mine in Sowie Mts and in Marcinków there was identified wood from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Generally, timbers from the nineteenth century were prevailing, and in three cases there was even encountered relatively young twentieth-century wood in the gold mine in Złoty Stok and in the Silberloch adit. The analyses carried out were only preliminary. Broader, interdisciplinary investigations, including dendrochronology, archaeology, geology, mining, and palaeobotany, would substantially contribute for learning the history of the mining in the whole region.

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Bronze age dating of timber from the salt-mine at Hallstatt, Austria

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

More Rapid ¹⁴C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC?

More Rapid ¹⁴C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC?

Wieliczka Salt Mine and its history written in annual growth rings of spruce wood

Dendrochronological Studies of Wood from Mediaeval Mines of Polymetallic Ores in Lower Silesia (Sw Poland)

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Bronze age dating of timber from the salt-mine at Hallstatt, Austria

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

More Rapid 14C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC?

More Rapid 14C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC?

Wieliczka Salt Mine and its history written in annual growth rings of spruce wood

Dendrochronological Studies of Wood from Mediaeval Mines of Polymetallic Ores in Lower Silesia (Sw Poland)

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More Rapid ¹⁴C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC?

More Rapid ¹⁴C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC?